| Challenge: | Code-mixing is a spoken language phenomenon and is difficult to train in multilingual communities. |
| Approach: | They propose a tool that can automatically generate code-mixed data given parallel data in two languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed tool can generate code-mixed data in two languages using two linguistic theories. |
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| Challenge: | Code-mixed (CM) language training is a difficult problem because of lack of data and the increased confusability due to the presence of more than one language. |
| Approach: | They propose a computational technique for creating grammatically valid artificial CM data based on the Equivalence Constraint Theory. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces the perplexity of the model and does not reduce the perceptibility of the models. |
CodeMixBench: Evaluating Code-Mixing Capabilities of LLMs Across 18 Languages (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) are limited by their narrow language pairs and tasks, failing to adequately assess their code-mixing abilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to assess large language models' (LLMs) code-mixing abilities that covers eight tasks and 18 languages from seven language families. |
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A Semi-supervised Approach to Generate the Code-Mixed Text using Pre-trained Encoder and Transfer Learning (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to train neural network-based models for code-mixing are limited due to language specificity of code-mixed text. |
| Approach: | They propose a deep learning approach to generate code-mixed text from English to multiple languages without any parallel data. |
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DataArc-SynData-Toolkit: A Unified Closed-Loop Framework for Multi-Path, Multimodal, and Multilingual Data Synthesis (2026.acl-demo)
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Zhichao Shi, Cehao Yang, Hao Zhou, Xiaojun Wu, Huajie Li, Xuhui Jiang, Chengjin Xu, Yuanzhuo Wang, Jian Guo
| Challenge: | Existing synthetic data tools are limited by convoluted workflows, fragmented data standards, and limited scalability across modalities. |
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| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves an optimal balance between generation efficiency and data quality. |
Processing and Understanding Mixed Language Data (D19-2)
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| Challenge: | Multilingual communities exhibit code-mixing, mixing of two or more languages in a single conversation . social media and other informal interactive platforms are allowing code-switching in user-generated text . |
| Approach: | a tutorial aims to provide a foundation for researchers to study code-mixing in multilingual communities. |
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Exploring Methods for Building Dialects-Mandarin Code-Mixing Corpora: A Case Study in Taiwanese Hokkien (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | CM is a challenging task when mixed languages include dialects. |
| Approach: | They propose to construct a Hokkien-Mandarin CM dataset to overcome the limitation . they propose to use a linguistics-based toolkit to train the model for translation tasks . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves good results on CM data translation while maintaining monolingual translation quality. |
Synthetic Data in the Era of Large Language Models (2025.acl-tutorials)
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| Challenge: | 'synthetic data' is a data generated with the assistance of large language models to make dataset construction faster and cheaper. |
| Approach: | This tutorial seeks to build a shared understanding of recent progress in synthetic data generation from NLP and related fields by grouping and describing major methods, applications, and open problems. |
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Mastering the Craft of Data Synthesis for CodeLLMs (2025.naacl-long)
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Meng Chen, Philip Arthur, Qianyu Feng, Cong Duy Vu Hoang, Yu-Heng Hong, Mahdi Kazemi Moghaddam, Omid Nezami, Duc Thien Nguyen, Gioacchino Tangari, Duy Vu, Thanh Vu, Mark Johnson, Krishnaram Kenthapadi, Don Dharmasiri, Long Duong, Yuan-Fang Li
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| Outcome: | The proposed models have shown to be highly effective in coding tasks. |
Evaluating Language Models as Synthetic Data Generators (2025.acl-long)
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Seungone Kim, Juyoung Suk, Xiang Yue, Vijay Viswanathan, Seongyun Lee, Yizhong Wang, Kiril Gashteovski, Carolin Lawrence, Sean Welleck, Graham Neubig
| Challenge: | Prior studies have focused on developing effective data generation methods, but lack systematic comparison of different LMs as data generators in a unified setting. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a benchmark to compare language models' data generation abilities against a set of standardized settings and metrics. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark provides standardized settings and metrics to evaluate LMs’ data generation abilities. |
CodecLM: Aligning Language Models with Tailored Synthetic Data (2024.findings-naacl)
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Zifeng Wang, Chun-Liang Li, Vincent Perot, Long Le, Jin Miao, Zizhao Zhang, Chen-Yu Lee, Tomas Pfister
| Challenge: | Recent work on generating diverse instructions and applying LLM to increase instruction complexity neglects downstream use cases. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for generating high-quality synthetic data for LLM alignment with different downstream instruction distributions and LLMs. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on four open-domain instruction using the proposed framework validate the effectiveness of CodecLM over the current state-of-the-art. |