Challenge: Recent contextual word embeddings have prohibitively high computational cost in many use-cases and are hard to interpret.
Approach: They propose a distillation method which is an extension of CBOW-based training and improves computational efficiency of NLP applications.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing models and existing models in terms of quality and performance.

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Improved Word Sense Disambiguation Using Pre-Trained Contextualized Word Representations (D19-1)

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Challenge: Contextualized word representations are effective in downstream tasks such as question answering, named entity recognition, and sentiment analysis.
Approach: They propose to integrate pre-trained contextualized word representations into a neural network that captures the whole sentence and the word representation in the sentence.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art approach that makes use of non-contextualized word embeddings on multiple benchmark WSD datasets.
Embeddings in Natural Language Processing (2020.coling-tutorials)

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Challenge: Embeddings have been a key topic of interest in NLP for the past decade . a quick warm-up introduction to NLP and why it is important to have a semantic comprehension of texts .
Approach: This tutorial will provide a high-level synthesis of the main embedding techniques in NLP . it will start with word embedds and then move to other types of embeddable vectors .
Outcome: This tutorial will provide a high-level synthesis of the main embedding techniques in NLP . it will start with word embedds and move to other types of embeddable representations .
Interpreting Pretrained Contextualized Representations via Reductions to Static Embeddings (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Contextualized representations have become the default for downstream NLP applications.
Approach: They propose a method for converting from contextualized representations to static lookup-table embeddings and apply it to 5 popular pretrained models and 9 sets of pretrained weights.
Outcome: The proposed methods show that pooling over many contexts significantly improves representational quality under intrinsic evaluation.
Better Word Embeddings by Disentangling Contextual n-Gram Information (N19-1)

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Challenge: Pre-trained word vectors are ubiquitous in Natural Language Processing applications.
Approach: They show that word embeddings with bigram and trigram embedds improve unigram embeds . they claim this removes contextual information from unigrammes, resulting in better unigraph embedders .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms competing models on a wide variety of tasks.
Towards Better Context-aware Lexical Semantics:Adjusting Contextualized Representations through Static Anchors (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent research has shown that contextualized models generate dynamic embeddings for words in context, but static embedds are often overlooked in this trend towards contextualized modeling.
Approach: They propose a method that learns a transformation through static anchors and requires only another pre-trained model.
Outcome: The proposed method improves a range of benchmark tasks that test contextual variations of meaning across different usages of a word and across different words as they are used in context.
Building Static Embeddings from Contextual Ones: Is It Useful for Building Distributional Thesauri? (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: contextual language models are dominant in the field of Natural Language Processing, but they are not suitable for all uses.
Approach: They propose a method for building word or type-level embeddings from contextual models . they evaluate a large set of English nouns from the perspective of extracting semantic similarity relations .
Outcome: The proposed method can be used to build word or type embeddings from contextual models . it can be exploited for a wide set of English nouns, showing it can improve distributional thesauri .
Contextual Embeddings: When Are They Worth It? (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: In recent years, rich contextual embeddings have enabled rapid progress on benchmarks like GLUE, but require significant computational resources during pretraining and during downstream task training and inference.
Approach: They empirically compare contextual embeddings with classic pretrained embedders and a random word embeddable with a simple baseline.
Outcome: The proposed models perform within 5 to 10% accuracy on industry-scale data.
Language Modelling Makes Sense: Propagating Representations through WordNet for Full-Coverage Word Sense Disambiguation (P19-1)

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Challenge: Contextual embeddings address the problem of meaning conflation hampering word embeddables.
Approach: They propose a method that creates sense-level embeddings with full-coverage of WordNet without recourse to explicit sense distributions or task-specific modelling.
Outcome: The proposed method surpasses previous systems using powerful models and is robust when ignoring part-of-speech and lemma features.
Exploring Category Structure with Contextual Language Models and Lexical Semantic Networks (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent work on word embeddings reports low correlations with human ratings . contextual language models (CLMs) have been successful in acquiring semantic and world knowledge.
Approach: They propose to use BERT to probe contextual language models for predicting typicality scores.
Outcome: The proposed methods improve on previous studies on word embeddings and their ability to predict typicality scores.
More Embeddings, Better Sequence Labelers? (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing work suggests contextual embeddings improve sequence labeling accuracy . but, there is no definite conclusion on whether concatenating different kinds of embeddables is effective .
Approach: They propose a family of contextual embeddings that improves sequence labeling accuracy . they conduct extensive experiments on 3 tasks over 18 datasets and 8 languages .
Outcome: The proposed family of contextual embeddings improves the accuracy of sequence labelers over non-contextual embedders.

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