Challenge: Contextual embeddings address the problem of meaning conflation hampering word embeddables.
Approach: They propose a method that creates sense-level embeddings with full-coverage of WordNet without recourse to explicit sense distributions or task-specific modelling.
Outcome: The proposed method surpasses previous systems using powerful models and is robust when ignoring part-of-speech and lemma features.

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Improved Word Sense Disambiguation Using Pre-Trained Contextualized Word Representations (D19-1)

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Challenge: Contextualized word representations are effective in downstream tasks such as question answering, named entity recognition, and sentiment analysis.
Approach: They propose to integrate pre-trained contextualized word representations into a neural network that captures the whole sentence and the word representation in the sentence.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art approach that makes use of non-contextualized word embeddings on multiple benchmark WSD datasets.
With More Contexts Comes Better Performance: Contextualized Sense Embeddings for All-Round Word Sense Disambiguation (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Contextualized word embeddings have been used effectively across several tasks in Natural Language Processing, but it is difficult to link them to structured sources of knowledge.
Approach: They propose a semi-supervised approach to producing sense embeddings for the lexical meanings within a lexicon that is comparable to that of contextualized word vectors.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art models in the English Word Sense Disambiguation task and in the multilingual one while training on sense-annotated data in English only.
Word Sense Disambiguation for 158 Languages using Word Embeddings Only (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods of disambiguation of word senses are based on knowledge bases, taxonomies, and other externally built resources.
Approach: They propose a method that takes a pre-trained word embedding model and induces a fully-fledged word sense inventory for 158 languages.
Outcome: The proposed model is based on a pre-trained word embedding model and induces a fully-fledged word sense inventory in 158 languages.
Improved Word Sense Disambiguation with Enhanced Sense Representations (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing supervised word sense disambiguation systems do not provide enough information about word senses.
Approach: They propose to incorporate synonyms, example phrases or sentences showing usage of word senses and sense gloss of hypernyms into the sense representations.
Outcome: The proposed system achieves an F1 score of 82.0% on the standard benchmark test dataset of the English all-words WSD task.
Semantic Specialization for Knowledge-based Word Sense Disambiguation (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for knowledge-based Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) use only lexical knowledge to adapt contextualized embeddings.
Approach: They propose a semantic specialization where contextualized embeddings are adapted to the WSD task using only lexical knowledge.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms previous studies that adapt contextualized embeddings while controlling deviations from the original embeddables.
Enhancing Modern Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation Models by Semantic Lexical Resources (L18-1)

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Challenge: Existing supervised models for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) are limited to knowledge-based approaches.
Approach: They propose to use WordNet and WordNet Domains to enhance supervised WSD models by introducing semantic features into the classifiers and using the SLR structure to augment training data.
Outcome: The proposed model improves the state-of-the-art in Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) The proposed approach is compared with the state of the art in the most popular benchmarks.
AMenDeD: Modelling Concepts by Aligning Mentions, Definitions and Decontextualised Embeddings (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Contextualised Language Models (LMs) improve on word embeddings by encoding meaning of words in context.
Approach: They propose to learn a unified embedding space in which all three types of representations can be integrated.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing approaches in ontology completion tasks.
Grounded Compositional Outputs for Adaptive Language Modeling (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Language models are a key component of natural language processing, but their size is a problem because they are typically trained with a closed output vocabulary derived from the training data.
Approach: They propose a fully compositional output embedding layer for language models that is grounded in semantically related words and free-text definitions.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods and adaptation approaches on cross-domain modeling and cross-learning tasks.
SANDWiCH: Semantical Analysis of Neighbours for Disambiguating Words in Context ad Hoc (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent studies show that language understanding offered by chat-based Large Language Models is limited and far from human-like performance.
Approach: They propose a framework for multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation using group algebra.
Outcome: The proposed framework surpasses the performance of current alternatives even in low-resource languages while reducing the parameter count by 72%.
Embeddings in Natural Language Processing (2020.coling-tutorials)

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Challenge: Embeddings have been a key topic of interest in NLP for the past decade . a quick warm-up introduction to NLP and why it is important to have a semantic comprehension of texts .
Approach: This tutorial will provide a high-level synthesis of the main embedding techniques in NLP . it will start with word embedds and then move to other types of embeddable vectors .
Outcome: This tutorial will provide a high-level synthesis of the main embedding techniques in NLP . it will start with word embedds and move to other types of embeddable representations .

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