| Challenge: | Existing models for bilingual language modeling are limited due to lack of training data and syntactic structure. |
| Approach: | They propose a bilingual attention language model that performs language modeling objective with a quasi-translation objective to model the monolingual and cross-lingual sequential dependency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model reduces the perplexity of 20.5% over the best-reported model. |
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| Challenge: | Recent studies show that multilingual language models (MultiLMs) are capable of logically reasoning over natural language statements, reasoning with their implicit knowledge, and performing multi-step reasoning when the model size is large enough. |
| Approach: | They propose a mechanism that encourages cross-lingual attention in code-switched sequences and improves reasoning performance by up to 14%. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves reasoning performance by 14% and 4% on the RuleTaker and LeapOfThought datasets. |
Language Modeling for Code-Switching: Evaluation, Integration of Monolingual Data, and Discriminative Training (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Code-switching (CS) is a linguistic phenomenon defined as "the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent." |
| Approach: | They propose an ASR-motivated evaluation setup which is decoupled from an ASL system and the choice of vocabulary . they propose a discriminative training approach which works better than generative language modeling . |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluation setup is better than generative language modeling, the authors show . the proposed setup is decoupled from an ASR system and the choice of vocabulary . |
The Role of Mixed-Language Documents for Multilingual Large Language Model Pretraining (2026.acl-long)
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Jiandong Shao, Raphael Tang, Crystina Zhang, Karin Sevegnani, Pontus Stenetorp, Jianfei Yang, Yao Lu
| Challenge: | Existing research suggests that multilingual large language models can achieve impressive cross-lingual understanding despite largely monolingual pretraining. |
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Minimal Pair-Based Evaluation of Code-Switching (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods do not have wide language coverage, fail to account for the diverse range of CS phenomena, or do not scale. |
| Approach: | They propose to use minimal pairs of CS to estimate the extent to which large language models (LLMs) use code-switching in the same way as bilinguals. |
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Language Anisotropic Cross-Lingual Model Editing (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing work studies monolingual model editing, which lacks cross-lingual transferability to perform editing simultaneously across languages. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to naturally adapt monolingual model editing approaches to the cross-lingual scenario using parallel corpus. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework adapts monolingual model editing approaches to the cross-lingual scenario using parallel corpus and amplifies different subsets of parameters for each language. |
LACA: Improving Cross-lingual Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis with LLM Data Augmentation (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to cross-lingual aspect-based sentiment analysis depend on translation tools. |
| Approach: | They propose a cross-lingual aspect-based sentiment analysis framework that leverages a large language model to generate pseudo-labelled data in target language. |
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XLM-E: Cross-lingual Language Model Pre-training via ELECTRA (2022.acl-long)
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Zewen Chi, Shaohan Huang, Li Dong, Shuming Ma, Bo Zheng, Saksham Singhal, Payal Bajaj, Xia Song, Xian-Ling Mao, Heyan Huang, Furu Wei
| Challenge: | ELECTRA-style tasks are used to pretrain cross-lingual models for NLP tasks . masked language modeling tasks require massive computation resources, rendering such models quite expensive . |
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| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baseline models on cross-lingual understanding tasks with much less computation cost. |
Parsing the Switch: LLM-Based UD Annotation for Complex Code-Switched and Low-Resource Languages (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to analyzing code-switched data are limited in their ability to generalize to multilingual and mixed-language inputs. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-language model-based annotation pipeline to produce UD annotations for code-switched text. |
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An Empirical Study on Cross-lingual Vocabulary Adaptation for Efficient Language Model Inference (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Cross-lingual vocabulary adaptation (CVA) methods have been proposed for adapting models to a target language . but effectiveness of these methods on increasing inference efficiency of generative large language models has not been explored. |
| Approach: | They propose to use cross-lingual vocabulary adaptation methods to adapt models to a target language to improve downstream performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods significantly speed up models in four languages and four natural language understanding tasks. |
Part-of-Speech Tagging for Code-Switched, Transliterated Texts without Explicit Language Identification (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Code-switching is a challenge for NLP due to the lack of representative data for training models. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that is trained exclusively on monolingual resources but can be applied to unseen code-switched text at inference time. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms standard models on Hindi-English part-of-speech tagging and on unannotated code-switched text with alternate scripts. |