Challenge: Existing datasets have extensive labeled data for En-glish, but labeles are extremely scarce in other languages.
Approach: They propose a method that leverages existing annotations with machine translation capabilities to create cross-modal language generation systems at web-scale.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms other candidates in evaluations performed over 5 target languages.

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PLUG: Leveraging Pivot Language in Cross-Lingual Instruction Tuning (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Instruction tuning has advanced large language models (LLMs) but its application in lower-resource languages faces challenges due to the imbalanced foundational abilities of LLMs across different languages.
Approach: They propose a pivot language guided generation approach that utilizes a high-resource language as the pivot to enhance instruction tuning in lower-resourced languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves instruction-following abilities of LLMs by 29% on average compared to directly responding in the target language alone.
Using Visual Feature Space as a Pivot Across Languages (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: We show that models trained to generate textual captions in more than one language can leverage their jointly trained feature space during inference to pivot across languages.
Approach: They show that models trained to generate captions in more than one language can leverage their jointly trained feature space during inference to pivot across languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves quality of captions in German and English by leveraging captions from a second language.
Multilingual Generation in Abstractive Summarization: A Comparative Study (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing models for multilingual generation lack thorough analysis due to extensive linguistic diversity.
Approach: They propose to classify multilingual generation methodologies into three categories based on their underlying modeling principles . they introduce an automatic metric to mitigate spurious correlations associated with language mixing .
Outcome: The proposed model improves in high-resource, low-resourced, and zero-shot scenarios.
Smelting Gold and Silver for Improved Multilingual AMR-to-Text Generation (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent work on multilingual AMR-to-text generation has focused on data augmentation strategies that utilize generated silver AMRs, but this assumes a high quality of generated AMR.
Approach: They propose to combine gold AMR with silver AMRs to generate multilingual AMR annotations.
Outcome: The proposed models outperform the current state of the art for German, Italian, Spanish, and Chinese by a large margin.
Cross-lingual Cross-modal Pretraining for Multimodal Retrieval (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent pretrained vision-language models have achieved impressive performance on cross-modal retrieval tasks in English.
Approach: They propose a new approach to learn cross-lingual cross-modal representations for matching images and captions in multiple languages using an annotated corpus.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves impressive performance on two multimodal multilingual image caption benchmarks: Multi30k with German captions and MSCOCO with Japanese captions.
Plug-in Language Model: Controlling Text Generation with a Simple Regression Model (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Large-scale pre-trained language models have demonstrated unrivaled capacity in generating text that closely resembles human-written content.
Approach: They propose a plug-in language model that leverages reinforcement learning to adjust latent states to control text generation.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing methods that rely on gradient-based, weighted decoding, or prompt-based methods.
PROM: Pivoted and Regulated Optimization for Multilingual Instruction Learning (2025.naacl-short)

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Challenge: Existing solutions to large language models (LLMs) are English-centric, hindering their application to 6500+ existing languages.
Approach: They propose to append English tuning data with its translated pair to solve this problem . they identify English as an internal pivot language and propose to regulate between them .
Outcome: The proposed model is able to generalize on multiple benchmarks across different languages.
Cross2StrA: Unpaired Cross-lingual Image Captioning with Cross-lingual Cross-modal Structure-pivoted Alignment (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Current captioning models are limited to the English language due to the largescale paired image-caption datasets.
Approach: They propose to integrate the scene graph (SG) structures and the syntactic constituency trees into a captioner to improve captioning relevancy and fluency.
Outcome: The proposed model improves captioning relevancy and fluency on English-Chinese transfers.
Aligning Multilingual Word Embeddings for Cross-Modal Retrieval Task (D19-66)

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Challenge: Existing methods to learn multimodal multilingual embeddings for text and image retrieval tasks are limited to English.
Approach: They propose a new approach to learn multimodal multilingual embeddings for matching images and captions in two languages by combing two existing objective functions and adapting alignment between existing languages.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art in retrieval and caption-caption tasks while adapting existing language alignments.
Aligning Multilingual Word Embeddings for Cross-Modal Retrieval Task (D19-64)

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Challenge: Existing methods to learn multimodal multilingual embeddings for text and image retrieval tasks are limited to English.
Approach: They propose a new approach to learn multimodal multilingual embeddings for matching images and captions in two languages by combing two existing objective functions and adapting alignment between existing languages.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art in retrieval and caption-caption tasks while adapting existing language alignments.

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