Papers by Sam Pan
COSMIC: Generalized Refusal Direction Identification in LLM Activations (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods depend on predefined refusal templates detectable in output tokens or manual review. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that optimally identifies steering directions and target layers using cosine similarity, entirely independent of output text. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves comparable steering effectiveness without any prior knowledge or assumptions of a model’s refusal behavior such as the use of certain refusal tokens. |