Papers by Lovisa Hagström
What do Models Learn From Training on More Than Text? Measuring Visual Commonsense Knowledge (2022.acl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluation methods to measure what language models learn from multimodal training are lacking. |
| Approach: | They propose two evaluation tasks to measure commonsense knowledge in language models by using visual data to evaluate multimodal models and unimodal baselines. |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluation tasks show that training on a visual modality improves on the visual commonsense knowledge in language models. |
The Effect of Scaling, Retrieval Augmentation and Form on the Factual Consistency of Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are useful interfaces to factual knowledge, but their usefulness is limited by their tendency to deliver inconsistent answers to semantically equivalent questions. |
| Approach: | They evaluate the effectiveness of up-scaling and augmenting the LM with a passage retrieval database to reduce inconsistency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models reduce inconsistency but retrieval augmentation is more efficient. |
A Reality Check on Context Utilisation for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2025.acl-long)
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Lovisa Hagström, Sara Vera Marjanovic, Haeun Yu, Arnav Arora, Christina Lioma, Maria Maistro, Pepa Atanasova, Isabelle Augenstein
| Challenge: | Existing studies on LM context utilisation of retrieved information have focused on synthetic text. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset of unreliable, insufficient and difficult-to-understand contexts with real-world queries and contexts manually annotated for stance to compare them to synthetic datasets. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms synthetic datasets and exaggerates rare context characteristics, leading to inflated context utilisation results. |
CUB: Benchmarking Context Utilisation Techniques for Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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Lovisa Hagström, Youna Kim, Haeun Yu, Sang-goo Lee, Richard Johansson, Hyunsoo Cho, Isabelle Augenstein
| Challenge: | Existing language models (LMs) can be distracted by irrelevant contexts or ignore relevant information that contradicts outdated parametric memory. |
| Approach: | They develop a benchmark to help diagnose CMTs under diverse noisy context conditions within retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) they find that most existing CMT struggle to handle the full spectrum of context types encountered in real-world RAG scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark compares seven state-of-the-art methods across three datasets and tasks, and shows that many lack the robustness needed to handle the full spectrum of context types encountered in real-world RAG scenarios. |
Fact Recall, Heuristics or Pure Guesswork? Precise Interpretations of Language Models for Fact Completion (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Language models (LMs) can make a correct prediction based on many possible signals in a prompt, but not all corresponding to recall of factual associations. |
| Approach: | They propose a model-specific recipe for constructing datasets with examples of four different prediction scenarios: generic language modeling, guesswork, heuristics recall and exact fact recall. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model-specific recipe yields distinct results for each scenario. |
How to Adapt Pre-trained Vision-and-Language Models to a Text-only Input? (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Current language models have been criticised for learning language from text alone without connection between words and their meaning. |
| Approach: | They propose to train models on more sources than text to provide the lacking connection between words and their meanings. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model adaptation methods perform differently for different models and unimodal model counterparts perform on par with the VL models regardless of adaptation. |