Challenge: Existing efforts to annotate natural language instructions into machine-readable formats are limited.
Approach: They propose to annotate a corpus of natural language instructions consisting of 622 wet lab protocols to facilitate automatic or semi-automatic conversion into a machine-readable format.
Outcome: The proposed corpus can be used to facilitate automatic or semi-automatic conversion of protocols into a machine-readable format and benefit biological research.

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Process-Level Representation of Scientific Protocols with Interactive Annotation (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing efforts to automate wet lab workflows are focusing on graph-prediction models that capture both concrete, exact quantities ("30 minutes") and vague instructions ("swirl")
Approach: They manually annotate PEGs in a corpus of complex lab protocols with a novel interactive textual simulator that keeps track of entity traits and semantic constraints during annotation.
Outcome: The proposed graph-prediction models are good at entity identification and local relation extraction while addressing challenges such as cross-sentence relations and long-range coreference.
Learning Latent Structures for Cross Action Phrase Relations in Wet Lab Protocols (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Lack of careful documentation has led to reproducibility crisis in biosciences . wet laboratory protocols are written in natural language and are unclear, composed of disconnected and distant parts and built upon implicit information that were referenced earlier or omitted entirely.
Approach: They propose a model that extracts all action relationships across multiple sentences to generate a MSTG for a given protocol . they propose extending annotations in the WLP corpus for inter-sentence relations and implicit arguments to improve the model's temporal and causal relations.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves an F1 score of 54.53% for temporal and causal relations in protocols from the corpus WLP-MSTG.
A Multi-level Annotated Corpus of Scientific Papers for Scientific Document Summarization and Cross-document Relation Discovery (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Recent studies have proposed to take advantage of the scientific paper's citation network to approach literature summarization.
Approach: They propose to annotate related work sections, cite papers and sentences using machine readable data and an additional layer of papers citing the references.
Outcome: The proposed corpus expands the existing data-set of related work sections and cites the papers cited in the related work section.
The DReaM Corpus: A Multilingual Annotated Corpus of Grammars for the World’s Languages (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Until recently, language descriptions were available in paper form only, with indexes as the only search aid.
Approach: They propose to digitize a multilingual corpus of language descriptions and annotate it with various meta, word, and text attributes to make searching and analysis easier and more useful.
Outcome: The proposed corpus is searchable through a couple of well-established corpus infrastructures.
The GermaParl Corpus of Parliamentary Protocols (L18-1)

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Challenge: Parliamentary debates convey the arguments, interpretations and disputes that shape political decision-making.
Approach: They outline available data, the data preparation process for preparing corpora of parliamentary debates and tools to obtain hand-coded annotations.
Outcome: The proposed corpus provides a valuable resource for research and teaching purposes.
Natural Language Annotations for Reasoning about Program Semantics (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Xu et al., 2022) and Tafjord eet . al. 2021) have shown that programming assistants can explain their work by grounding natural language inference in code.
Approach: They propose a dataset and protocol for annotating programs with natural language predicates at a finer granularity than code comments without relying on internal compiler representations.
Outcome: The proposed method can be used to ground natural language inference in code without static analysis and without internal compiler representations.
AMR Beyond the Sentence: the Multi-sentence AMR corpus (C18-1)

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Challenge: Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is limited to capturing the semantics of individual sentences.
Approach: They propose a corpus that annotates coreference and similar phenomena on top of existing AMRs.
Outcome: The proposed corpus is compared with existing corpora on sentence-level semantics . it shows that it can be used for information extraction and question answering .
A Short Survey on Sense-Annotated Corpora (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is a key task in Natural Language Understanding.
Approach: They propose to use sense-annotated corpora for supervised Word Sense Disambiguation.
Outcome: The proposed methods have been compared with knowledge-based approaches and have shown to be more efficient when they are available.
A Corpus with Multi-Level Annotations of Patients, Interventions and Outcomes to Support Language Processing for Medical Literature (P18-1)

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Challenge: In 2015 alone, about 100 manuscripts describing randomized controlled trials for medical interventions were published every day.
Approach: They propose a corpus of 5,000 medical articles annotated with demarcations of text spans that describe the Patient population enrolled, the Interventions studied and to what they were Compared, and the Outcomes measured.
Outcome: The proposed corpus includes 5,000 medical articles describing clinical randomized controlled trials.
Automatic Annotation of Semantic Term Types in the Complete ACL Anthology Reference Corpus (L18-1)

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Challenge: a recent increase in quantitative studies of scientific text collections has led to a significant increase in the use of semantic labeling techniques.
Approach: They propose to use semantic class labels to enhance a well-known resource . they use semantic labels to assign semantic class labeling to technical terms .
Outcome: The proposed approach enhances the ACL Anthology Reference Corpus with semantic class labels for 20,000 technical terms . the goal is to use this information as one feature in the profiling of scientific papers, communities, and disciplines.

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