Challenge: 7.6% of the words in the original OCR text contain an error; fully manual correction would take thousands of hours due to the size of the corpus.
Approach: They propose a post-processing system to efficiently correct OCR errors in a 2.7 million word Faroese corpus.
Outcome: The proposed method reduces the word error rate to 1.3% with around 65 hours of human annotator work.

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OCR Improves Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Despite many recent successes, Machine Translation still lacks support or fails to achieve good performance for most low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a benchmark to evaluate OCR systems on low-resource languages and low- resource scripts.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark evaluates state-of-the-art OCR systems on low-resource languages and low-rural scripts.
OCR Post Correction for Endangered Language Texts (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Currently, there is little to no data available to build natural language processing models for endangered languages.
Approach: They propose a benchmark dataset of transcriptions for scanned books in three critically endangered languages and a method to improve OCR in these data-scarce settings.
Outcome: The proposed method reduces the recognition error rate by 34% across the three endangered languages.
A Lightweight Approach to a Giga-Corpus of Historical Periodicals: The Story of a Slovenian Historical Newspaper Collection (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: a curated corpus of Slovenian historical newspapers is a complex undertaking requiring multiple steps to prepare . a shoestring budget is required to produce a corpus that is billion-words in size .
Approach: They propose a lightweight approach to producing high-quality corpora using OCR . they use noisy OCR-ed data from the National and University Library of Slovenia .
Outcome: The proposed method produces a billion-word giga-corpus of Slovenian historical newspapers from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries on a shoestring budget.
Cleaning Dirty Books: Post-OCR Processing for Previously Scanned Texts (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a large amount of work is required to clean digitized books for NLP analysis because of errors in the scanned text and duplicate volumes in the corpora.
Approach: They propose methods to handle optical character recognition errors in scanned texts . they identify the canonical version for each of 17,136 repeatedly-scanned books .
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Unsupervised Multi-View Post-OCR Error Correction With Language Models (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Prior work used text generation techniques or redundancy in similar passages for OCR error correction, which is not appropriate in cases of low corpus redundancies or weak document contextual information.
Approach: They propose to use a pretrained language model to reconcile different OCR views in unsupervised way so that their combination contains fewer errors than each individual view.
Outcome: The proposed model can reconcile multiple OCR views so that their combined version contains fewer errors than the best OCR view.
Neural OCR Post-Hoc Correction of Historical Corpora (2021.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Optical character recognition (OCR) is crucial for a deeper access to historical collections.
Approach: They propose a neural approach based on a combination of recurrent (RNN) and deep convolutional network (ConvNet) to correct OCR transcription errors.
Outcome: The proposed model reduces the word error rate of 32.3% by more than 89% on a historical book corpus in German language.
EfficientOCR: An Extensible, Open-Source Package for Efficiently Digitizing World Knowledge (2023.emnlp-demo)

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Challenge: Existing OCR engines fail to provide accurate, cost-effective and sample-efficient character recognition for public domain documents.
Approach: EffOCR is an open-source optical character recognition package that is accurate, cheap to deploy and sample efficient to customize to novel collections, languages, and character sets.
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Effective Synthetic Data and Test-Time Adaptation for OCR Correction (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent research has framed the post-OCR task as a Seq2Seq Neural Machine Translation (NMT) task.
Approach: They propose a method for constructing post-OCR synthetic data with different noise levels using weak supervision.
Outcome: The proposed method reduces CER by 68.67% without relying on manual annotations.
Noisy Parallel Data Alignment (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Optical character recognition (OCR) is used to convert endangered language documents into machine-readable data, but its noisy outputs are a challenge for many under-resourced languages.
Approach: They propose to use optical character recognition (OCR) to convert endangered language documents into machine-readable data by using noisy alignment models.
Outcome: The proposed model reduces alignment error rate on a state-of-the-art neural-based alignment model up to 59.6%.
Cheap Character Noise for OCR-Robust Multilingual Embeddings (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Optical character recognition (OCR) is a key component of the digitization of historical documents.
Approach: They propose a method that fine-tunes existing multilingual models using noisy texts and a contrastive loss.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on the training data of existing models using noisy texts and a contrastive loss.

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