Challenge: Automated essay grading (AEG) is one of the most challenging activities in natural language processing (NLP).
Approach: They propose to annotate the ASAP AEG dataset and use it to score different attributes of the essays.
Outcome: The proposed resource is based on the ASAP++ dataset, which contains scores for different attributes of the essays, such as content, word choice, organization, sentence fluency, etc.

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Give Me More Feedback II: Annotating Thesis Strength and Related Attributes in Student Essays (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing work on automated essay scoring has focused on holistic scoring, but there is limited annotated corpus of essays with thesis strength scores.
Approach: They propose a scoring rubric for persuasive essay quality and annotate corpus of essays with thesis strength scores.
Outcome: The proposed scoring rubric could provide feedback to students on why essay gets thesis strength score . the rubric can be used to score persuasive essay quality, thesis strength, and organization .
ICLE++: Modeling Fine-Grained Traits for Holistic Essay Scoring (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in automated essay scoring have limited the generalizability of models trained on ASAP.
Approach: They propose to annotate persuasive student essays with holistic and trait-specific scores in a corpus of persuasive student essay annotated with ICLE++.
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to evaluate models for newer AES problems such as multi-trait scoring and cross-prompt scoring.
Automated Essay Scoring: A Reflection on the State of the Art (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Automated essay scoring (AES) is a key application of natural language processing . it is based on a holistic score that summarizes the essay's overall quality .
Approach: aaron carroll: automated essay scoring is one of the most important applications in NLP . carroll says the task is still far from being solved, but it's still progressing steadily . he says it'll be interesting to see how researchers can improve performance numbers .
Outcome: a new neural model can beat existing models on a standard evaluation dataset, authors say . authors: the current model is not enough to improve performance numbers . they say it could spark discussion among researchers on how to move forward .
Enhancing Automated Essay Scoring Performance via Fine-tuning Pre-trained Language Models with Combination of Regression and Ranking (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent work on sentence prediction tasks uses shallow neural networks to learn essay representations and constrain calculated scores with regression loss or ranking loss.
Approach: They propose to use a pre-trained language model to learn text representations first and then to constrain the scores with regression loss or ranking loss.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models on the Automated Student Assessment Prize dataset.
Automated Essay Scoring in the Presence of Biased Ratings (N18-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies on rater effects in general settings have not investigated how rater bias affects automated essay scoring.
Approach: They propose to model rater bias by removing essays associated with potentially biased scores from annotated corpus.
Outcome: The proposed model is based on comments provided by raters and is compared with existing corpus.
Beyond the Gold Standard in Analytic Automated Essay Scoring (2025.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is a new approach to assessing writing practice . traditional holistic scoring methods are not reliable and lack formative feedback in the classroom.
Approach: They propose to combine analytic and holistic AES to create a system that learns from individual raters instead of gold standard labels.
Outcome: The proposed system learns from individual raters instead of gold standard labels.
Multi-task Learning for Automated Essay Scoring with Sentiment Analysis (2020.aacl-srw)

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Challenge: Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is a process that aims to alleviate the workload of graders and improve the feedback cycle in educational systems.
Approach: They propose to combine two tasks, sentiment analysis and AES by utilizing multi-task learning to combine sentiment features extracted from opinion expressions.
Outcome: The proposed model produces a QWK of 0.763 on the Automated StudentAssessment Prize (ASAP) benchmark.
Conundrums in Cross-Prompt Automated Essay Scoring: Making Sense of the State of the Art (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Automated essay scoring (AES) is a task of assigning a single score to an essay . authors abandon sophisticated neural architectures and develop a simple feature-based approach .
Approach: a team of researchers develop a feature-based approach to cross-prompt automated essay scoring that adopts a simple neural architecture.
Outcome: a new approach to cross-prompt automated essay scoring can achieve state-of-the-art results.
Automated essay scoring with string kernels and word embeddings (P18-2)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to automatic essay scoring use low-level character n-gram features.
Approach: They propose to combine string kernels and word embeddings for automatic essay scoring.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art deep learning methods in Arabic dialect identification and native language identification tasks.
Score It All Together: A Multi-Task Learning Study on Automatic Scoring of Argumentative Essays (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: a multi-task learning approach outperforms sequential approaches for scoring argumentative essays . segmentation and classification of argumentative elements are important steps towards providing feedback on writing structure, but assessing the quality of arguments is less researched .
Approach: They use a student essay dataset to study how argumentative essays are scored . they use automated span detection, type and quality prediction to combine these tasks .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms sequential approaches for segmentation and quality prediction.

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