| Challenge: | Pre-trained contextualized representations have achieved state-of-the-art results on multiple downstream NLP tasks by fine-tuning with task-specific data. |
| Approach: | They propose to augment domain-specific data by using labeled short answering grading data for further enhancement of the pre-trained language model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be enhanced by augmenting data from domain-specific resources like textbooks and labeled short answering grading data. |
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BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (N19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing language representation models pre-train deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text without significant task-specific architecture modifications. |
| Approach: | They propose a language representation model that pre-trains bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, pushing the GLUE score to 80.5 (7.7 point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7% (4.6% absolute improvement) |
Fine-tuning BERT for Low-Resource Natural Language Understanding via Active Learning (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent work has explored the suitability of pre-trained language models in low resource settings with less than 1,000 training data points. |
| Approach: | They propose to use pool-based active learning to speed up training while keeping the cost of labeling new data constant. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be fine-tuned to optimize for low-resource settings while keeping the cost of labeling constant. |
Semi-supervised Domain Adaptation for Dependency Parsing via Improved Contextualized Word Representations (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in deep neural network models have improved parsing performance on in-domain texts . however, the problem is to improve performance on out-of-domain text data when there is only a small-scale out-domain labeled data. |
| Approach: | They propose to use adversarial learning and fine-tuning BERT to improve contextualized word representations on out-of-domain texts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models achieve consistent improvement and fine-tune BERT processes boost parsing accuracy by a large margin. |
Cracking the Contextual Commonsense Code: Understanding Commonsense Reasoning Aptitude of Deep Contextual Representations (D19-60)
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| Challenge: | Pretrained deep contextual representations have advanced the state-of-the-art on various commonsense NLP tasks, but we lack a concrete understanding of their capabilities. |
| Approach: | They investigate BERT's ability to encode various commonsense features in its embedding space, but are still deficient in many areas. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves performance on a downstream commonsense reasoning task while using minimal data. |
On the Sentence Embeddings from Pre-trained Language Models (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Pre-trained contextual representations like BERT have been widely used for NLP tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose to transform anisotropic sentence embedding distribution to smooth and isotropic Gaussian distribution by normalizing flows that are learned with an unsupervised objective. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves significant performance gains over state-of-the-art embeddings on a variety of semantic textual similarity tasks. |
Domain Adaptation with BERT-based Domain Classification and Data Selection (D19-61)
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| Challenge: | Modern deep neural models with millions of parameters can easily adapt to a new learning task and dataset when enough supervision is given. |
| Approach: | They propose a domain adaptation framework based on curriculum learning and domain-discriminative data selection. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms discrepancy-based methods on transfer tasks while consuming only fraction of training budget. |
Cost-effective Selection of Pretraining Data: A Case Study of Pretraining BERT on Social Media (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies show that domain-specific BERT models can be improved when in-domain data is used for pretraining. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Twitter and forum text as pretraining sources for two BERT models and use similarity measures to nominate in-domain data for pretraining. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can be used to improve performance on downstream tasks by using in-domain data. |
Taming Pre-trained Language Models with N-gram Representations for Low-Resource Domain Adaptation (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to train pre-trained models require domain-specific data and computational resources. |
| Approach: | They propose a domain-aware N-gram Adaptor to incorporate unseen and domain-specific words into a generic pretrained model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can improve on eight low-resource tasks using limited data with lower computational costs. |
Integrating Task Specific Information into Pretrained Language Models for Low Resource Fine Tuning (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing pretrained language models are agnostic to downstream information and can overfit when fine-tuned with low resource datasets. |
| Approach: | They integrate label information as a task-specific prior into the self-attention component of pretrained BERT models. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on benchmarks and real-word datasets show that the proposed approach can improve the performance of pretrained models when fine-tuned with small datasets. |
Improving Contextual Representation with Gloss Regularized Pre-training (2022.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Experimental results show that the gloss regularizer module enhances word semantic similarity in pre-training. |
| Approach: | They propose an auxiliary gloss regularizer module to BERT pre-training to enhance word semantic similarity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves word similarity in word-level and sentence-level representation. |