Challenge: Existing studies on RC datasets in English have limited results due to lack of training data.
Approach: They systematically explore zero-shot cross-lingual transfer learning on reading comprehension tasks with pre-trained language representation model.
Outcome: The proposed model performs well on reading comprehension tasks on pre-trained language representation models.

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual transfer methods rely on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries . however, its effect is limited by the gap between embedding clusters of different languages .
Approach: They propose Embedding-Push, Attention-Pull, and Robust targets to transfer English embeddings to virtual multilingual embedders without semantic loss.
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Multilingual Multimodal Pre-training for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer of Vision-Language Models (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: a new study examines zero-shot cross-lingual transfer of vision-language models . we study multilingual text-to-video search in non-English languages without annotations .
Approach: They propose a Transformer-based model that learns contextual multilingual multimodal embeddings . they propose 'zero-shot cross-lingual transfer' to improve multilingual search .
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Analyzing the Evaluation of Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfer in Multilingual Language Models (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in training multilingual models on large datasets have shown promising results in knowledge transfer across languages.
Approach: They challenge the assumption that high zero-shot performance reflects high cross-lingual ability by introducing more challenging setups involving instances with multiple languages.
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Multi Task Learning For Zero Shot Performance Prediction of Multilingual Models (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Massively Multilingual Transformer based Language Models have been shown to be effective on zero-shot transfer across languages, though performance varies from language to language depending on pivot language(s) used for fine-tuning.
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Can Monolingual Pretrained Models Help Cross-Lingual Classification? (2020.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual pretrained language models have shown impressive results for cross-lingual transfer, but due to the constant model capacity, multilingual pre-training usually lags behind the monolingual competitors.
Approach: They propose to transfer the knowledge from monolingual pretrained models to multilingual ones to improve zero-shot cross-lingual classification by using machine translation systems.
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Make the Best of Cross-lingual Transfer: Evidence from POS Tagging with over 100 Languages (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual generalisability of large pre-trained models use English training data and test data in unseen languages.
Approach: They propose to use multilingual pre-trained models to model cross-lingual transfer in a selection of target languages.
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Learning Disentangled Semantic Representations for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer in Multilingual Machine Reading Comprehension (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods to zero-shot transfer knowledge from rich-resource to low-resourced languages are limited due to linguistic discrepancies in different languages.
Approach: They propose a multilingual MRC framework equipped with a Siamese Semantic Disentanglement Model to disassociate semantics from syntax in models learned by multilingual pre-trained models.
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Why Does Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Generation Fail? An Explanation and a Solution (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual transferability of multilingual LMs show that they can perform tasks in low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a method to regularize the model from learning language invariant representations and a way to select model checkpoints without a development set in the target language.
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Match the Script, Adapt if Multilingual: Analyzing the Effect of Multilingual Pretraining on Cross-lingual Transferability (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Pretrained multilingual models enable zero-shot learning even for unseen languages . current multilingual model covers only a small subset of the world's languages - due to data sparsity, they are not likely to obtain good results for many lowresource languages.
Approach: They ask: how does the number of pretraining languages influence zero-shot learning for unseen languages? do the findings change if the languages used for pretraining are all related?
Outcome: The results show that pretrained models can zero-shot learn for unseen languages even for limited amounts even for low-resource languages.
Cross-lingual Few-Shot Learning on Unseen Languages (2022.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Large pre-trained language models have demonstrated the ability to obtain good performance on downstream tasks with limited examples in resource-rich languages.
Approach: They propose to use a downstream sentiment analysis task to analyze the effectiveness of several few-shot learning strategies across 12 languages, including 8 unseen languages, to compare results.
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