Challenge: Existing efforts to build commonsense knowledge bases are expensive and lack quantity and quality between languages.
Approach: They propose to project English commonsense knowledge into Japanese and Chinese with high precision.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves top-10 accuracy on the crowdsourced English–Japanese benchmark and 18,747 facts of accurate Japanese commonsense within a very short period.

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Language Representation Projection: Can We Transfer Factual Knowledge across Languages in Multilingual Language Models? (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies show that multilingual pretrained models can recall factual knowledge without additional fine-tuning.
Approach: They propose two parameter-free language representation projection modules to transfer factual knowledge between English and non-English languages.
Outcome: The proposed modules improve factual knowledge retrieval accuracy and transferability across diverse non-English languages.
Analyzing the Evaluation of Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfer in Multilingual Language Models (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in training multilingual models on large datasets have shown promising results in knowledge transfer across languages.
Approach: They challenge the assumption that high zero-shot performance reflects high cross-lingual ability by introducing more challenging setups involving instances with multiple languages.
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Leveraging Knowledge in Multilingual Commonsense Reasoning (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Commonsense reasoning is a language-agnostic process, but most comprehensive knowledge sources are limited to a small number of languages, especially English.
Approach: They propose to use English as a pivot language to integrate commonsense reasoning into models using a translate-retrieve-translate strategy.
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Multi-Target Cross-Lingual Summarization: a novel task and a language-neutral approach (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods to summarize documents in multiple languages are not systematically evaluated to ensure semantic coherence across target languages.
Approach: They propose a principled re-ranking approach to ensure semantic coherence in documents in multiple target languages while ensuring semantic similarity across target languages.
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A Survey on Cross-Lingual Summarization (2022.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual summarization is a task of generating a summary in one language for a given document in a different language.
Approach: They present a systematic review of the literature on cross-lingual summarization . they summarize previous efforts and compare them with each other .
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A Simple and Effective Method to Improve Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual transfer methods rely on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries . however, its effect is limited by the gap between embedding clusters of different languages .
Approach: They propose Embedding-Push, Attention-Pull, and Robust targets to transfer English embeddings to virtual multilingual embedders without semantic loss.
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LiveCLKTBench: Towards Reliable Evaluation of Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfer in Multilingual LLMs (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Evaluating cross-lingual knowledge transfer in large language models is challenging, as correct answers in a target language may arise either from genuine transfer or from prior exposure during pre-training.
Approach: They propose a pipeline to isolate and measure cross-lingual knowledge transfer by identifying self-contained, time-sensitive knowledge entities from real-world domains and generating factual questions.
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Cross-Lingual Syntactic Transfer through Unsupervised Adaptation of Invertible Projections (P19-1)

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Challenge: Current systems for syntactic analysis tasks rely heavily on large scale annotated data.
Approach: They propose to learn a generative model with a structured prior that uses labeled source and unlabeled target data jointly.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing tasks on English as the only source corpus and on a wide range of target languages.
Lost in Multilinguality: Dissecting Cross-lingual Factual Inconsistency in Transformer Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multilingual language models store factual knowledge across languages but struggle to provide consistent responses to semantically equivalent prompts in different languages.
Approach: They propose a linear shortcut method that bypasses computations in the final layers . this method improves accuracy and cross-lingual consistency .
Outcome: The proposed method improves prediction accuracy and cross-lingual consistency.
Language Embeddings for Typology and Cross-lingual Transfer Learning (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent efforts to leverage multilingual datasets highlight potential of multilingual models that can perform well across various languages.
Approach: They propose to generate language representations that capture relationships among languages and evaluate them using WALS and two extrinsic tasks.
Outcome: The proposed model can be leveraged in cross-lingual tasks without parallel data . the proposed model is based on the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) and two extrinsic tasks .

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