Challenge: Large language models are increasingly deployed in multilingual settings that process sensitive data . prior privacy evaluations focused on English, but new research shows that language matters for privacy leakage .
Approach: They quantify six corpus-level linguistic indicators and evaluate vulnerability under three attack families.
Outcome: The results show that language matters for privacy leakage in large language models . Italian exhibits the strongest exposure, while English and French are more resilient .

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Challenge: a new study examines the association capabilities of large language models . as models scale up, their ability to associate entities/information intensifies . however, there is a performance gap when associating commonsense knowledge versus PII, with the latter showing lower accuracy.
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Challenge: a tutorial aims to provide a summary of risks and vulnerabilities in large language models . a number of studies have focused on security, privacy and copyright aspects of LLMs .
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The Linguistic Connectivities Within Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have discovered notable disparities in their performance across different languages.
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Safety of Large Language Models Beyond English: A Systematic Literature Review of Risks, Biases, and Safeguards (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have a growing number of applications that generate harmful, biased, or unsafe content.
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Challenge: Existing studies on the vulnerability of large language models to SQL injection have been limited.
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Large Language Models are Easily Confused: A Quantitative Metric, Security Implications and Typological Analysis (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Language Confusion is a phenomenon where Large Language Models (LLMs) generate text that is neither in the desired language, nor in a contextually appropriate one.
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Large Language Models Can Be Contextual Privacy Protection Learners (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable linguistic comprehension and generation capability, but when applied to specialized industries, they face challenges such as hallucination, insufficient domain knowledge, and failing to incorporate the latest domain knowledge.
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Quantifying Privacy Risks of Masked Language Models Using Membership Inference Attacks (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Prior attempts at measuring leakage of MLMs via membership inference attacks have been inconclusive, implying potential robustness of Mlms to privacy attacks.
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