Challenge: a recent study has not examined their generalizability between formats, cultures, and genders.
Approach: They evaluate large language models (LLMs) and small LLMs at clinical de-identification . they show that smaller models achieve comparable performance while substantially reducing inference cost .
Outcome: The proposed models outperform larger models in de-identification tasks with limited data . the models can be fine-tuned with limited datasets to outperformed larger models .

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Challenge: Existing studies focus on data selection but lack a clear, unified framework . variability in experimental settings complicates systematic comparisons .
Approach: They propose a three-stage scheme to standardize data selection for fine-tuning large language models . they propose unified comparison approach that incorporates ratio-based efficiency and ranking-based feasibility metrics to address inconsistencies across experiments.
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Fine-tuning Large Language Models with Limited Data: A Survey and Practical Guide (2026.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models provide strong foundations, but effective adaptation under data scarcity requires efficient and efficient fine-tuning techniques.
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On Mitigating Performance Disparities in Multilingual Speech Recognition (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Automatic Speech Recognition systems are not always equally effective for all users, and gender disparity in their performance is a significant concern.
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Not What the Doctor Ordered: Surveying LLM-based De-identification and Quantifying Clinical Information Loss (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: De-identification is an application of NLP where automated algorithms remove identifying information of patients and providers.
Approach: They propose to use generative large language models to de-identify patients and providers . they propose to validate existing metrics to quantify extent of inappropriate removal .
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Toward Inclusive Language Models: Sparsity-Driven Calibration for Systematic and Interpretable Mitigation of Social Biases in LLMs (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a new method to mitigate stereotypical bias in large language models is needed . inherent biases from training on vast Internet datasets can amplify harmful stereotypes .
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VEEF-Multi-LLM: Effective Vocabulary Expansion and Parameter Efficient Finetuning Towards Multilingual Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have a significant disadvantage for low-resource languages . VEEF-Multi-LLM-8B excels in multilingual instruction-following tasks .
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LlamaCare: An Instruction Fine-Tuned Large Language Model for Clinical NLP (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Large language models have shown remarkable abilities in generating natural texts . applying LLMs to clinical domain still poses significant challenges .
Approach: They propose a method of instruction fine-tuning for adapting large language models to clinical domains . they generate instructions, inputs, and outputs covering a wide spectrum of clinical services .
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Data-Constrained Synthesis of Training Data for De-Identification (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: sensitive domains lack widely available datasets due to privacy risks . recent studies have focused on evaluating the privacy of the synthetic text .
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How to Improve LLMs’ Performance on Specific Languages: A Perspective on LLM-Derived Language Similarity (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) exhibit uneven performance across languages.
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Demographic-Aware Language Model Fine-tuning as a Bias Mitigation Technique (2022.aacl-short)

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Challenge: In this paper, we analyze the variations in gender and racial biases in BERT-like language models when exposed to different demographic groups.
Approach: They analyze gender and racial biases in BERT-like language models when exposed to different demographic groups.
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