Challenge: Current Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on coarse-grained national labels for pluralistic value alignment.
Approach: They propose a framework for fine-grained pluralistic value alignment using demographic constraints.
Outcome: The proposed framework can identify groups with predictable, high-consensus value preference . it achieves 48.6% accuracy, surpassing open-source LLM DeepSeek-v3.2 .

Similar Papers

Can Persona-Prompted LLMs Emulate Subgroup Values? An Empirical Analysis of Generalisability and Fairness in Cultural Alignment (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Current alignment paradigms treat "human values" as a monolithic entity, ignoring the fact that many societies are a mosaic of diverse subgroups with distinct and sometimes conflicting values, preferences, and norms.
Approach: They examine whether Large Language Models can emulate distinct cultural values of subgroups . they use a global value survey to examine the value landscape of a multicultural society .
Outcome: The proposed model improves on unseen, out-of-distribution subgroups by 17.4% . the model widens the disparity between subgroup groups when measured by distance-aware metrics.
Towards Better Value Principles for Large Language Model Alignment: A Systematic Evaluation and Enhancement (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) show remarkable performance across tasks . alignment with human values is critical for their responsible development.
Approach: They propose a framework that evaluates value principles along three desirable properties . they propose supervised fine-tuning, reinforcement learning-based approaches .
Outcome: The proposed framework improves value principles along the three desirable properties of LLMs.
Benchmarking Multi-National Value Alignment for Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing studies on large language models focus on ethical reviews, failing to capture the diversity of national values.
Approach: They propose a national value extraction pipeline to efficiently construct value assessment datasets and a model-based model with instruction tagging to process raw data sources.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark evaluates the alignment of LLMs with the values of five major nations: China, the United States, the UK, France, and Germany.
Improving the Distributional Alignment of LLMs using Supervision (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing work to evaluate LLMs' alignment with human values and opinions has a key shortcoming.
Approach: They propose to add supervision to LLMs to improve alignment with diverse populations . they find that supervision improves alignment across public health, public opinion, values and beliefs .
Outcome: The proposed method improves the alignment of LLMs with diverse populations on subjective questions.
The Generation Gap: Exploring Age Bias in the Value Systems of Large Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Using the World Value Survey, we find a general inclination of LLM values towards younger demographics, especially when compared to the US population.
Approach: They use data from the World Value Survey to examine the alignment of LLM values with specific age groups.
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to predict the value of a large language model and to assess its performance on 13 categories.
Value FULCRA: Mapping Large Language Models to the Multidimensional Spectrum of Basic Human Value (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing work specifies values as risk criteria formulated in the AI community, e.g., fairness and privacy protection, suffering from poor clarity, adaptability and transparency.
Approach: They propose a value alignment paradigm based on Schwartz's Theory of Basic Values as an instantiation and propose 'BaseAlign' to support this paradigm.
Outcome: The proposed model covers existing risks and anticipates unidentified ones with a low-data set.
CuMA: Aligning LLMs with Sparse Cultural Values via Demographic-Aware Mixture of Adapters (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have a global audience, so alignment must extend to cultural resonance.
Approach: They propose a framework that frames alignment as a conditional capacity separation problem.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms both dense baselines and semantic-only MoEs on three large language models.
Convergent Demographic Utility Hierarchies: Geometry of Intersectional Values in LLMs (2026.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Recent work shows that LLMs develop internally coherent utility functions that emerge with scale.
Approach: They elicit pairwise preferences across 15 intersectional demographic groups . they fit Thurstonian utility functions to the preference matrices and find a compensatory hierarchy .
Outcome: elicited preferences show that they encode demographic hierarchies across 15 demographic groups . gender, race, and combinations overestimate the most extreme intersectional gap by 26- 40% .
Alignment Data Map for Efficient Preference Data Selection and Diagnosis (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: constructing high-quality preference datasets faces scalability challenges due to prohibitive cost and complexity of human annotation.
Approach: They propose a tool to identify and select effective preference data by LLM-as-a-judge, explicit reward model, and reference-based approaches.
Outcome: The proposed tool reduces annotation costs while preserving alignment effectiveness.
Do Large Language Models Reflect Demographic Pluralism in Safety? (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing datasets that focus on demographics and safety are narrow in their annotator pools.
Approach: They propose to decouple value framing from responses by modeling pluralism directly at the prompt level.
Outcome: Demo-SafetyBench decouples value framing from responses to model pluralism at the prompt level.

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