| Challenge: | emojis are useful in spoken communication because they add affective and pragmatic nuance to textual cues. |
| Approach: | They analyze human speech data to find prosodic features that are important in spoken communication. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model shows that speakers adapt prosody based on emoji cues, and that listeners can recover intended meanings significantly above chance. |
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EmoTag1200: Understanding the Association between Emojis and Emotions (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Emojis are increasingly used to convey affect, but their use is not trivial. |
| Approach: | They propose to use human-solicited association ratings to explore the connection between emojis and emotions to conduct experiments. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can be inferred from word-level information when high-quality information is available. |
Semantics and Sentiment: Cross-lingual Variations in Emoji Use (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | emojis have been used in social media for a decade but have been inconsistently used in contexts and in isolation. |
| Approach: | They develop a corpus containing literal meanings for emojis defined by L1 speakers in three languages to assess their e-mail sentiments. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method shows that emoji semantics differ across languages and how it interacts with sentiment in e-mails. |
Assessing Emoji Use in Modern Text Processing Tools (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Emojis are textual elements that are encoded as characters but rendered as small digital images or icons that can be used to express an idea or emotion. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a set of popular NLP tools to assess the support of emojis in tweets. |
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The Role of Prosody in Spoken Question Answering (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | lexical information is not available in most models, but prosody is important in understanding spoken language. |
| Approach: | They investigate the role of prosody in the process of answering a spoken question by isolating prosodic and lexical information from a natural speech dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models can perform reasonably well on the SLUE-SQA-5 dataset, but when lexical information is available, models tend to predominantly rely on it. |
What Do Prosody and Text Convey? Characterizing How Meaningful Information is Distributed Across Multiple Channels (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Prosody—the melody of speech—conveys critical information often not captured by the words or text of a message. |
| Approach: | They propose an information-theoretic approach to quantify how much is conveyed by prosody that is not recoverable from text alone. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can quantify how much is conveyed by prosody that is not recoverable from text alone and crucially, what prosody conveys. |
Quantifying the redundancy between prosody and text (2023.emnlp-main)
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Lukas Wolf, Tiago Pimentel, Evelina Fedorenko, Ryan Cotterell, Alex Warstadt, Ethan Wilcox, Tamar Regev
| Challenge: | Existing studies suggest partial redundancy between prosody and linguistic information. |
| Approach: | They use large language models to estimate how much information is redundant between prosody and the words themselves. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can predict prosodic features across prosodic features, including intensity, duration, pauses, and pitch contours. |
Prosody: Models, Methods, and Applications (2021.acl-tutorials)
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| Challenge: | This tutorial will overview the computational modeling of prosody. |
| Approach: | This tutorial will overview the computational modeling of prosody . it will discuss the latest advances in prosody and diverse applications . |
| Outcome: | This tutorial will overview the computational modeling of prosody. |
Classifying the Informative Behaviour of Emoji in Microblogs (L18-1)
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| Challenge: | Emoji are pictographs used in microblogs as emotion markers, but can also represent a wider range of concepts. |
| Approach: | They analyze a corpus of tweets pairs and classify emoji with respect to redundancy . they propose to further investigate the informative behaviour of e-mails using eoji . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieved an F-score of 0.7 for emoji use in 2475 tweets pairs. |
Does Context Matter? A Prosodic Comparison of English and Spanish in Monolingual and Multilingual Discourse Settings (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | a large number of studies on prosody in languages have focused on monolingual discourse contexts . a recent study focused on the prosodic features of monolingual speech in multilingual contexts. |
| Approach: | They compare prosody of monolingual English and Spanish in monolingual and multilingual settings . they find that monolingual speech produced in a monolingual context is prosodically different from that produced in multilingual context . |
| Outcome: | The proposed study is the first to incorporate multilingual discourse contexts into the study of native-level monolingual prosody. |
Interpretable Emoji Prediction via Label-Wise Attention LSTMs (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Emojis are the evolution of characterbased emoticons and are used to express ideas about a myriad of topics. |
| Approach: | They propose a label-wise attention mechanism to better understand emoji prediction . they propose to model e-mails with eojis and then label them based on their meaning . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves over baselines and does particularly well when predicting infrequent emojis. |