Challenge: Backdoor-based LLM fingerprinting is a promising solution for intellectual property protection . however, the vulnerability of existing LLMs for the ensemble scenario is unexplored .
Approach: They propose two new fingerprinting attack methods to assess the robustness of LLM fingerprinting by token filter attack and sentence verification attack.
Outcome: The proposed methods inhibit the fingerprint response while maintaining ensemble performance.

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MEraser: An Effective Fingerprint Erasure Approach for Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have raised critical concerns about model ownership and intellectual property protection.
Approach: They propose a method for effectively removing backdoor-based fingerprints from LLMs . they propose deleting backdoor fingerprints using a transferable erasure mechanism .
Outcome: The proposed method removes backdoor-based fingerprints while maintaining model performance.
Composite Backdoor Attacks Against Large Language Models (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior performance on various tasks, but untrustworthy third-party LLMs may covertly introduce vulnerabilities for downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose a composite backdoor attack that scatters multiple trigger keys in different prompt components.
Outcome: The proposed attack achieves 100% Attack Success Rate (ASR) with a False Triggered Rate (FTR) below 2.06% and negligible model accuracy degradation.
Instructional Fingerprinting of Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) require considerable cost to train from scratch . fingerprinting is essential to protect intellectual property and to ensure downstream users and developers adhere to their license terms.
Approach: They propose a method for fingerprinting Large language models that implants a private key into the model to generate specific text when the key is present.
Outcome: The proposed method prevents publisher overclaim and maintains robustness against fingerprint guessing and parameter-efficient training.
Chain-of-Scrutiny: Detecting Backdoor Attacks for Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various domains, but are vulnerable to backdoor attacks.
Approach: They propose a chain-of-scrutiny approach which leverages LLMs’ unique reasoning abilities to mitigate backdoor attacks.
Outcome: The proposed model is well-suited for the popular API-only LLM deployments, enabling detection at minimal cost and with little data.
ImF: Embedding an Implicit Fingerprint in Your Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Training and serving large language models (LLMs) is resource-intensive, making reliable intellectual property protection and black-box ownership verification increasingly important.
Approach: They propose a method to inject a small set of secret query–response behaviors into model fingerprinting . they encode ownership information into a natural-looking target response and derive a semantically aligned query .
Outcome: The proposed fingerprints improve stealthiness and remain verifiable under model updates and deployment-time prompt interventions.
Rethinking Reasoning: A Survey on Reasoning-based Backdoors in LLMs (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent models such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1 produce explicit reasoning traces, often via Chain-of-Thought prompting.
Approach: They propose a taxonomy that offers a unified perspective for summarizing existing approaches and categorizing reasoning-based backdoor attacks into associative, passive, and active.
Outcome: The proposed taxonomy categorizes reasoning-based backdoor attacks into associative, passive, and active.
MergePrint: Merge-Resistant Fingerprints for Robust Black-box Ownership Verification of Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Model merging introduces a novel risk of unauthorized use of large language models due to the high cost of training.
Approach: They propose a model merging method that embeds robust fingerprints into models . they aim to protect LLMs from misappropriation via model merg and model theft .
Outcome: The proposed method enables black-box ownership verification without accessing model weights or intermediate outputs.
Fingerprinting LLMs via Prompt Injection (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing provenance detection methods for large language models are infeasible for already published models and compare outputs using hand-crafted or random prompts.
Approach: They propose a detection framework that constructs fingerprints by exploiting LLMs’ inherent vulnerability to prompt injection.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves high true positive rates while keeping false positive rates near zero.
CTCC: A Robust and Stealthy Fingerprinting Framework for Large Language Models via Cross-Turn Contextual Correlation Backdoor (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for fingerprinting model ownership traces are vulnerable to illegal plagiarism and are not reliable.
Approach: They propose a rule-driven fingerprinting framework that encodes contextual correlations across multiple dialogue turns.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves stronger stealth and robustness than previous work.
Large Language Models Are Better Adversaries: Exploring Generative Clean-Label Backdoor Attacks Against Text Classifiers (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Backdoor attacks manipulate model predictions by inserting malicious "poison" instances that contain a specific pattern or "trigger."
Approach: They propose an attack that inserts style-based triggers into training and test data by using a poison selection technique to improve the effectiveness of both LLMBkd and existing backdoor attacks.
Outcome: The proposed attack achieves high success rates across a wide range of styles with little effort and no model training.

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