Challenge: Existing prompting techniques for large language models depend on several parameters, such as the task, language model, and context provided.
Approach: They propose an adaptive prompting approach that predicts the optimal prompt composition ad-hoc for a given input.
Outcome: The proposed approach ensures high detection performance and is best in several settings.

Similar Papers

Take Care of Your Prompt Bias! Investigating and Mitigating Prompt Bias in Factual Knowledge Extraction (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Recent research shows that pre-trained language models suffer from “prompt bias” in factual knowledge extraction.
Approach: They propose a representation-based approach to mitigate prompt bias during inference time by querying the model and removing it from its internal representations to generate debiased representations.
Outcome: The proposed approach corrects the overfitted performance caused by prompt bias and significantly improves prompt retrieval capability.
On Measuring Social Biases in Prompt-Based Multi-Task Learning (2022.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: a large body of work within prompt engineering attempts to understand the effects of input forms and prompts in achieving superior performance.
Approach: They propose a large-scale text-to-text language model trained using prompts . they consider two different forms of semantically equivalent inputs - question-answer format and premise-hypothesis format .
Outcome: The proposed model can generalize into novel forms of language and handle novel tasks.
Social Bias Evaluation for Large Language Models Requires Prompt Variations (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent studies have tried to evaluate and mitigate social biases accurately using limited prompts.
Approach: They investigate the sensitivity of Large Language Models when changing prompt variations . they found that LLM rankings fluctuate across prompts for both task performance and social bias .
Outcome: The results show that LLM rankings fluctuate when changing prompt variations .
Bias after Prompting: Persistent Discrimination in Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a dangerous assumption is that biases do not transfer from pre-trained large language models to adapted models.
Approach: They validate the bias transfer hypothesis by using prompt adaptations to study biases in causal models . they find that popular prompt-based mitigation methods do not consistently prevent biase transferring .
Outcome: The results invalidate the assumption that biases do not transfer from pre-trained models to adapted models.
A Systematic Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization Techniques (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent advances in prompt engineering have created impediments for end users to adopt . however, prompt engineering remains an impedance due to rapid advances in models, tasks, and associated best practices.
Approach: They propose to define APO as a 5-part unifying framework and categorize all relevant works based on their salient features.
Outcome: The proposed framework aims to improve the performance of large language models on various tasks.
Adapting Bias Evaluation to Domain Contexts using Generative Models (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to assess social bias in NLP systems face limitations in scalability and fidelity across domains.
Approach: They propose a domain-adaptive framework that uses prompting with Large Language Models to automatically transform template-based bias datasets into domain-specific variants.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves the accuracy and contextual relevance of bias evaluations in socially relevant datasets.
Adaptive Prompt Structure Factorization: A Framework for Self-Discovering and Optimizing Compositional Prompt Programs (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong capabilities in reasoning, coding, and complex generation, yet their performance is highly sensitive to prompt design.
Approach: They propose an API-only framework that decomposes a single prompt into semantic factors and updates selected factors while freezing the rest.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms strong baselines, improves accuracy by up to +4.29 percentage points on average, and reduces optimization cost by 45–87% tokens on MultiArith while reaching peak validation in 1 step.
Rethinking Prompt-based Debiasing in Large Language Model (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing prompt-based methods for debiasing are often superficial and lack a thorough understanding of complex bias concepts.
Approach: They analyze a BBQ and stereoSet benchmarks to examine the assumption that large language models understand biases.
Outcome: The proposed model misclassified 90% of unbiased content as biased despite high accuracy on BBQ dataset . the proposed model may have been flawed in previous attempts to debiase .
HPSS: Heuristic Prompting Strategy Search for LLM Evaluators (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing efforts to optimize text evaluation prompts neglect the combinatorial impact of multiple factors, leading to insufficient optimization of the evaluation pipeline.
Approach: They propose to integrate 8 key factors for evaluation prompts and integrate them into an algorithm that searches for well-behaved prompting strategies for LLM evaluators.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing methods and human-designed evaluation prompts on four evaluation tasks.
Prompterator: Iterate Efficiently towards More Effective Prompts (2023.emnlp-demo)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) use a process known as prompting to solve arbitrary language tasks. prompting is a non-trivial task that requires experimentation in order to arrive at a prompt that solves a specific task.
Approach: They propose a tool that helps users iterate over different potential prompts and choose the best performing one based on human feedback.
Outcome: The proposed tool is open source and easily extensible.

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