Challenge: Recent work has applied large language models (LLMs) into time series forecasting, but they lack an understanding of holistic temporal patterns with potential error accumulation.
Approach: They propose a framework that marries Larg e Langu age Diffusion Model with time series forecasting (LEAF) they propose converting time series into tokens and adopting language diffusion models to capture temporal dependencies.
Outcome: The proposed framework generates future predictions with a diffusion model from a holistic view.

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Challenge: Existing methods to predict future traffic flows capture spatio-temporal dependencies, but they fail to adapt to test-time environmental changes.
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Challenge: Recent studies have demonstrated that large language models possess robust pattern recognition and semantic understanding capabilities over time series data.
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Evaluating Large Language Models on Time Series Feature Understanding: A Comprehensive Taxonomy and Benchmark (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are a critical tool for time series analysis and reporting in many fields, including healthcare, finance, climate, and many more.
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Harnessing LLMs for Temporal Data - A Study on Explainable Financial Time Series Forecasting (2023.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Recent advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence have opened up numerous opportunities and challenges in financial time series forecasting.
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Challenge: Prior work on reasoning about time series in conjunction with natural language has largely overlooked event descriptions and focused on tasks involving just numeric data like trend analysis or anomaly detection.
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Markovian Linguistic-Temporal Bridge: Unlocking the Potential of LLMs for Time Series Forecasting (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Pretrained Large Language Models (LLMs) are based on token-level linguistic-temporal alignment, leading to stacking of logically disjointed tokens as input.
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Marrying LLMs with Dynamic Forecasting: A Graph Mixture-of-expert Perspective (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Recent data-driven approaches often use graph neural networks (GNNs) to learn relationships in dynamical systems.
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CogGPT: Unleashing the Power of Cognitive Dynamics on Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Time series are critical for decision-making in fields like finance and healthcare.
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Large Language Models for Generative Recommendation: A Survey and Visionary Discussions (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of natural language processing but are not fully able to leverage the generative power of LLM.
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