Challenge: Allusion recognition is a critical test of LLMs' ability to deploy stored information in open-ended, figurative settings.
Approach: They propose a framework for evaluating Persian literary allusions through annotations and LLM-generated texts incorporating allusion in novel contexts.
Outcome: The proposed framework evaluates Persian literary allusions through annotations and LLM-generated texts incorporating allusion in novel contexts.

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Evaluating the Creativity of LLMs in Persian Literary Text Generation (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Prior research has focused primarily on English, with limited exploration of non-English literary traditions and without standardized methods for assessing creativity.
Approach: They build a dataset of user-generated Persian literary spanning 20 diverse topics and assess model outputs along four creativity dimensions .
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MAKIEval: A Multilingual Automatic WiKidata-based Framework for Cultural Awareness Evaluation for LLMs (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are used globally across many languages, but their English-centric pretraining raises concerns about cross-lingual disparities for cultural awareness .
Approach: They introduce an automatic multilingual framework for evaluating cultural awareness in large language models across languages, regions, and topics.
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Out-of-Context Reasoning in Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a lightweight technique trains only new token embeddings on axioms and evaluates them on unseen tasks.
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Beyond Understanding: Evaluating the Pragmatic Gap in LLMs’ Cultural Processing of Figurative Language (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Using figurative language as a proxy for cultural nuance and local knowledge, large language models struggle with connotative meaning.
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Evaluating LLMs for Quotation Attribution in Literary Texts: A Case Study of LLaMa3 (2025.naacl-short)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in literary tasks . however, quotation attribution remains a challenging task and methods that generalize across writing styles are lacking analysis regarding book memorization and annotation contamination.
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Benchmarking Chinese Commonsense Reasoning of LLMs: From Chinese-Specifics to Reasoning-Memorization Correlations (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Currently, many benchmarks evaluate the commonsense reasoning of large language models (LLMs), but most are English-based, limiting non-English evaluations.
Approach: They propose to use Chinese commonsense reasoning to evaluate LLMs' commonsensing ability.
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Literary Evidence Retrieval via Long-Context Language Models (2025.acl-short)

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Challenge: a recent study shows that long-context language models can exceed human expert performance in literary analysis . despite their speed and apparent accuracy, even the strongest models struggle with nuanced literary signals and overgeneration.
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PerCul: A Story-Driven Cultural Evaluation of LLMs in Persian (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models predominantly reflect Western cultures due to the dominance of English-centric training data.
Approach: They propose a dataset to assess the sensitivity of LLMs to Persian culture.
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DIVKNOWQA: Assessing the Reasoning Ability of LLMs via Open-Domain Question Answering over Knowledge Base and Text (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Retrievalaugmented LLMs have been used to ground LLM in external knowledge . a gap exists in the current landscape regarding the effectiveness of grounding LLM on heterogeneous knowledge sources.
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GOLEM: GOld Standard for Learning and Evaluation of Motifs (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Motifs are distinctive, recurring, widely used idiom-like words or phrases, often originating from folklore, whose meaning are anchored in a narrative.
Approach: They present a dataset annotated for motific information in English . it contains 26,078 motif candidates across 34 motif types from three cultural or national groups: Jewish, Irish, and Puerto Rican.
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