Challenge: Recent advances in "Chain of Models" approach increase resource demands as each model must be deployed separately.
Approach: They propose a prompt-tuning method that enables models to share hidden states . they modify input and attention masks during training to eliminate redundant forward passes .
Outcome: Empirical results show that FTHSS matches the performance of traditional model chains while improving inference efficiency.

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Challenge: Existing approaches to generate multiple independent CoTs, combining them through ensembling or other post-hoc strategies, have been shown to be effective in boosting performance.
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Challenge: Existing frameworks adapt from initial pretrained model to each downstream task directly, but ignore sequential nature of downstream tasks and feedback effect on pretrained models.
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Challenge: Unlike discrete text prompts used by GPT-3, soft prompts are learned through backpropagation and can be tuned to incorporate signals from any number of labeled examples.
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Challenge: Prompt tuning has demonstrated success in natural language pretraining and even vision pretraining.
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Reliable Gradient-free and Likelihood-free Prompt Tuning (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Large pre-trained language models are often offered as black-box APIs due to privacy or commercial constraints.
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Challenge: Prompt tuning is an efficient method for adapting large language models, but it is difficult and expensive to identify the source task that provides optimal prompts.
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