Challenge: Recent studies have demonstrated that inference-time scaling increases performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various reasoning tasks such as mathematics and complex question answering by increasing the length of Chain-of-Thought (CoT).
Approach: They propose a model which synthesizes longer CoT data and iteratively improves performance through self-training by incorporating a few demonstration examples.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves an average improvement of more than +2.5 points across five reasoning tasks: MMLU, GSM8K, ARC-C, HellaSwag, and BBH on two backbone models.

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Self-Training Elicits Concise Reasoning in Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Chain-of-thought reasoning has enabled large language models to use additional computation through intermediate tokens to solve complex tasks, but current models often generate more tokens than necessary to accomplish the task, incurring extraneous inference costs.
Approach: They propose to fine-tune models with self-generated concise reasoning paths obtained by best-of-N sampling and few-shot conditioning in task-specific settings to elicit concise reasoning.
Outcome: The proposed method reduces output tokens by 30% on GSM8K and MATH while maintaining average accuracy.
Chain-of-Thought Matters: Improving Long-Context Language Models with Reasoning Path Supervision (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have highlighted the challenge of handling long-context tasks.
Approach: They propose a chain-of-thought framework that teaches models to generate high-quality reasoning paths for enhanced long-context performance.
Outcome: The proposed framework generalizes across most long-context scenarios and amplifys with increasing context length.
Fine-Tuning on Diverse Reasoning Chains Drives Within-Inference CoT Refinement in LLMs (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to generate multiple independent CoTs, combining them through ensembling or other post-hoc strategies, have been shown to be effective in boosting performance.
Approach: They propose a method where LLMs are fine-tuned to generate a sequence of Diverse Chains of Thought (DCoT) within a single inference step.
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Graph Chain-of-Thought: Augmenting Large Language Models by Reasoning on Graphs (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing studies suggest augmenting LLMs with external text corpora to alleviate hallucination problems.
Approach: They propose to augment large language models with text units retrieved from external knowledge corpora to alleviate the issue.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baselines on GRBench with three LLMs and shows that iterative reasoning outperformed the baselines.
ChainLM: Empowering Large Language Models with Improved Chain-of-Thought Prompting (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing CoT synthesis approaches focus on simpler reasoning tasks and result in inconsistent CoT prompts.
Approach: They propose a framework for automatic generation of superior CoT prompts based on three major evolution strategies . they propose 'step-level debating' method where multiple debaters discuss each reasoning step to arrive at the correct answer.
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Think Just Enough: Leveraging Self-Assessed Confidence for Adaptive Reasoning in Language Models (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large reasoning models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in complex tasks such as mathematical problem solving and code generation.
Approach: They propose a method for optimizing reasoning length via self-assessed confidence.
Outcome: The proposed method improves computational efficiency without compromising answer quality.
Enhancing Chain-of-Thoughts Prompting with Iterative Bootstrapping in Large Language Models (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting is a technique to enhance the reasoning abilities of Large language models (LLMs) however, the reasoning chains of demonstrations are observed to be prone to errors, which can lead to incorrect reasoning during inference.
Approach: They propose an iterative bootstrapping technique to enhance the reasoning abilities of Large language models (LLMs) by generating a series of reasoning steps to obtain the answer, and using the reasoning chains as exemplars to demonstrate the task.
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How Likely Do LLMs with CoT Mimic Human Reasoning? (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Using chain-of-thought to elicit reasoning capabilities is not always effective and accurate.
Approach: They compare the reasoning process of LLMs with humans to understand the causal chain . they find that LLM deviates from the ideal causal chain, resulting in spurious correlations .
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Aligning Large and Small Language Models via Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting empowers Large Language Models to solve complex reasoning tasks in a step-wise manner.
Approach: They propose a method for aligning and transferring reasoning abilities between larger and smaller Language Models by using CoT-Demonstrations.
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CoT-RAG: Integrating Chain of Thought and Retrieval-Augmented Generation to Enhance Reasoning in Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Chain-of-thought reasoning has two key limitations: lack of reliability when solely relying on LLM-generated reasoning chains and interference from natural language reasoning steps with the models’ inference logic.
Approach: They propose a chain-of-thought reasoning framework with three key designs to address these issues.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves the performance of large language models on complex tasks by incorporating knowledge graphs and learnable knowledge case-aware RAG.

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