Challenge: Recent work suggests that lemma overlap drives model performance on morphological inflection tasks, but the impact of lemmm overlap is debated.
Approach: They propose a novel algorithm to investigate predictors of accuracy on seen and unseen lemmas by combining the number of lema in train with the number in train.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm shows that the number of lemmas in train has a stronger effect on accuracy on unseen than seen lemmes.

Similar Papers

(Un)solving Morphological Inflection: Lemma Overlap Artificially Inflates Models’ Performance (2022.acl-short)

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Challenge: Inflection tasks have gained a lot of traction in recent years, mostly via SIGMORPHON's shared-tasks.
Approach: They propose to use split-by-lemma to challenge the generalization capacity of morphological inflection models by employing harder train-test splits.
Outcome: The proposed method is based on a split-by-lemma method that challenges the generalization capacity of the models.
Unlike “Likely”, “Unlike” is Unlikely: BPE-based Segmentation hurts Morphological Derivations in LLMs (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) use subword vocabularies to process and generate text.
Approach: They find that Large Language Models (LLMs) perform poorly at handling some types of affixations because subwords are marked as initial- or intra-word .
Outcome: The largest models trained on enough data can mitigate this tendency because initial- and intra-word embeddings are aligned; in-context learning also helps when all examples are selected in a consistent way; but only morphological segmentation can achieve a near-perfect accuracy.
Can a Transformer Pass the Wug Test? Tuning Copying Bias in Neural Morphological Inflection Models (2022.acl-short)

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Challenge: morphological inflection models have been successful with shared tasks . but they fail at generalizing inflation patterns when trained on a limited number of lemmata .
Approach: They find that standard models fail at generalizing inflection patterns when trained on a limited number of lemmata and asked to inflect previously unseen lemma.
Outcome: The proposed model can perform well on morphological inflection tasks if training data covers a diversity of lemmata or some variant of the input lemma has been witnessed during training.
Exploring Linguistic Probes for Morphological Inflection (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: morphological inflection models typically employ language-independent data splitting algorithms.
Approach: They propose language-specific probes to test aspects of morphological generalization . they use three morphology-distinct languages to test their generalization abilities .
Outcome: The proposed language-specific probes are used to test morphological generalization abilities on three distinct languages.
Data Factors for Better Compositional Generalization (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent diagnostic datasets on compositional generalization expose severe problems . state-of-the-art models trained on larger and more general datasets show better generalization ability .
Approach: They conduct an empirical analysis by training Transformer models on a variety of training sets with different data factors including dataset scale, pattern complexity, example difficulty, etc.
Outcome: The proposed model training on larger datasets improves on compositional generalization tasks.
Morphological Inflection: A Reality Check (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Morphological inflection is a popular task in sub-word NLP with practical and cognitive applications.
Approach: They propose new methods to analyze data sets and evaluate their generalization abilities to better reflect likely use-cases.
Outcome: The proposed methods improve generalizability and reliability of results and improve generalization abilities.
Error Analysis and the Role of Morphology (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Using morphological features does improve error prediction across tasks, but is less pronounced in morphology-complex languages.
Approach: They propose to use morphological features to improve error prediction across four different tasks and up to 57 languages to test their hypothesis.
Outcome: The proposed model is more discriminative in morphologically simple languages than in simple ones.
Subword Segmentation in LLMs: Looking at Inflection and Consistency (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Subword segmentation is not linguistically guided and is not currently well understood in LLMs.
Approach: They group words according to their segmentation properties and compare how well a model can solve a linguistic task for these groups using two criteria: adherence to morpheme boundaries and segmentation consistency of inflected forms of a lemma.
Outcome: The results show that the criterion of segmentation consistency can predict the model’s ability to recognize and generate the lemma from an inflected form, providing evidence that subword segmentation is relevant.
Benchmarking Long-tail Generalization with Likelihood Splits (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to test out of distribution generalization have their own strengths and weaknesses.
Approach: They propose a method to create challenging benchmarks that require generalizing to the tail of the distribution by re-splitting existing datasets.
Outcome: The proposed approach can be customized to construct meaningful splits for a wide range of tasks.
Lemma Dilemma: On Lemma Generation Without Domain- or Language-Specific Training Data (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) can generate lemmas in context without prior fine-tuning.
Approach: They compare in-context lemma generation with traditional fully supervised approaches . they use encoder-only supervised methods and cross-lingual methods .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the traditional fully supervised approach in the context of lemmatization tasks.

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