Challenge: Recent advances in general purpose text embedders have been driven by training on synthetic training data.
Approach: They propose to use GPT-4 to produce high quality synthetic data that expands existing training datasets for embeddings to new tasks.
Outcome: The proposed dataset is high quality and leads to consistent improvements in performance.

Similar Papers

Improving Text Embeddings with Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for obtaining text embeddings require complex training pipelines . authors leverage proprietary LLMs to generate diverse synthetic data for text embeds based on 93 languages .
Approach: They propose a method for obtaining high-quality text embeddings using only synthetic data and less than 1k training steps.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves strong performance on competitive text embedding benchmarks without using any labeled data.
Synthetic Data Generation with Large Language Models for Text Classification: Potential and Limitations (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have explored using large language models to generate synthetic datasets . however, the effectiveness of the LLM-generated synthetic data is inconsistent across different classification tasks.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to generate synthetic datasets to better understand factors that moderate the effectiveness of LLM-generated synthetic data.
Outcome: The results show that subjectivity is negatively associated with the performance of the model trained on synthetic data.
Synthetic Data in the Era of Large Language Models (2025.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: 'synthetic data' is a data generated with the assistance of large language models to make dataset construction faster and cheaper.
Approach: This tutorial seeks to build a shared understanding of recent progress in synthetic data generation from NLP and related fields by grouping and describing major methods, applications, and open problems.
Outcome: This tutorial will describe methods, applications, and open problems that have been developed and are being used to improve the quality and efficiency of synthetic data generation.
Text Classification with Few Examples using Controlled Generalization (N19-1)

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Challenge: Current training data for text classification is limited, resulting in limited generalization capacity.
Approach: They propose a feed-forward network that can generalize from unlabeled parsed corpora to produce task-specific semantic vectors.
Outcome: The proposed approach is especially effective in low-data scenarios compared to state-of-the-art methods.
On LLMs-Driven Synthetic Data Generation, Curation, and Evaluation: A Survey (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) provide a data-centric solution to alleviate limitations of real-world data with synthetic data generation.
Approach: They propose a generic workflow for LLM-driven synthetic data generation.
Outcome: The proposed workflows highlight gaps in existing research and outline avenues for future studies.
Demystifying Synthetic Data in LLM Pre-training: A Systematic Study of Scaling Laws, Benefits, and Pitfalls (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a large-scale empirical study compares natural web data, diverse synthetic types, and mixtures of natural and synthetic data.
Approach: They conduct a large-scale empirical study on large-volume LLMs using a unified protocol and scaling laws.
Outcome: The proposed method is faster than pre-training on natural web data, the authors show . their results are consistent with previous studies on rephrased text and textbooks .
How Well Do Text Embedding Models Understand Syntax? (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing text embedding models have not addressed syntactic understanding challenges, highlighting ineffectiveness and enhancing generalization ability.
Approach: They propose to examine the ability of text embedding models to generalize across syntactic contexts.
Outcome: The proposed models exhibit high similarity socres at this simple task.
Little Giants: Synthesizing High-Quality Embedding Data at Scale (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Synthetic data generation is an increasingly popular way of training models without the need for large, manually labeled datasets.
Approach: They propose a framework that aligns open-source small models to efficiently generate large-scale embedding data.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art embedding models by using only 1/10 of the GPT API calls.
BioReddit: Word Embeddings for User-Generated Biomedical NLP (D19-62)

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Challenge: a corpus of medical-themed posts was scrapped from Reddit to train word embeddings on downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose to train word embeddings from a corpus of medical forums from reddit scrapping posts from medical-themed subreddits.
Outcome: The proposed system outperforms embeddings trained on general purpose data or on scientific papers when applied on user-generated content.
Text Embeddings Reveal (Almost) As Much As Text (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a vector database of dense text embeddings stores only the text data, not the original text . a multi-step method that iteratively corrects and re-embeds text can recover 92% of 32-token text inputs exactly.
Approach: They propose a method that iteratively corrects and re-embeds text to recover 92% of 32-token text inputs exactly.
Outcome: The proposed method recovers 92% of 32-token text inputs exactly.

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