Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across domains . but, for challenging tasks, finetuning often requires substantial human annotations - a process that is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive .
Approach: They propose a method that leverages task-diversity as a principle for effective data selection.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves better accuracy than training on the complete dataset (4% increase in MMLU score).

Similar Papers

An Experimental Design Framework for Label-Efficient Supervised Finetuning of Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Supervised finetuning (SFT) on instruction datasets has shown immense potential in improving the zero-shot generalization capabilities observed in large language models (LLMs).
Approach: They propose to use experimental design to minimize the computational cost of active learning by identifying useful subsets of samples to annotate from an unlabeled pool.
Outcome: The proposed methods save 50% of the annotation cost compared to random sampling on generative tasks.
Task Assignment meets Annotator Modeling: Human-LLM Collaborative Annotation with Constraints (2026.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to label annotation are labor-intensive and time-consuming.
Approach: They propose a framework that estimates per-task accuracy from task features using a learning from crowds model and incorporates these estimations into a linear programming formulation that assigns tasks under practical constraints.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves comparable accuracy to baseline methods while satisfying given constraints.
Scaling Data Diversity for Fine-Tuning Language Models in Human Alignment (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) can reveal toxic or offensive content inadvertently or intentionally.
Approach: They propose to control the diversity of both sides according to the number of samples for fine-tuning, which can directly reflect their impact.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves the performance of large language models after fine-tuning.
Rethinking Data Selection at Scale: Random Selection is Almost All You Need (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing data selection techniques are designed for small data pools, a study finds . filtering data by token length is an efficient method for improving results .
Approach: They use self-scoring methods that do not rely on external help to perform fine-tuning . they also find that filtering data by token length offers a stable and efficient method .
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform random selection on large datasets on large data pools.
Data-Efficient Finetuning Using Cross-Task Nearest Neighbors (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Prior work shows training models on multitask data augmented with task descriptions transfers knowledge to new tasks.
Approach: They propose to use unlabeled target-task data to train models on task descriptions . they use only 2% of the data from the P3 pool without labeled target task data .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baseline models on 12 out of 14 datasets . it also provides better initialization than single model on target-task data .
Stratified Selective Sampling for Instruction Tuning with Dedicated Scoring Strategy (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent work shows that post-training datasets can be substantially downsampled without noticeably deteriorating performance.
Approach: They propose a method that efficiently bins data into groups and scores difficulty using specialized models.
Outcome: The proposed method can be efficient and universally applied to post-training datasets.
Semi-supervised Fine-tuning for Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing LLMs require labeled data, which can be costly in real-world applications.
Approach: They propose a framework that can fully exploit labeled and unlabeled data for LLM fine-tuning . they conducted experiments using GPT-4o-mini and Llama-3.1 on seven general or domain-specific datasets .
Outcome: The proposed framework can fully exploit labeled and unlabeled data for LLM alignment from a propagate-and-select manner.
Beyond Performance: Quantifying and Mitigating Label Bias in LLMs (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models exhibit undesirable preference toward predicting certain answers over others, despite their adaptability to diverse tasks.
Approach: They propose a label bias calibration method that outperforms recent calibration approaches for improving performance and mitigating label bias.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms calibration approaches for improving performance and mitigating label bias.
Increasing Diversity While Maintaining Accuracy: Text Data Generation with Large Language Models and Human Interventions (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) can be used to generate text data for training and evaluating other models.
Approach: They propose to use logit suppression and temperature sampling to diversify text generation but at the cost of data accuracy.
Outcome: The proposed approach can increase diversity but at the cost of data accuracy.
Enhancing LLM-as-a-Judge through Active-Sampling-based Prompt Optimization (2025.acl-industry)

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Challenge: Suboptimal prompts can introduce biases, inconsistencies, and unreliable evaluations.
Approach: They propose an active-sampling-based framework for automatic prompt optimization . they use a small, diverse subset of samples to guide prompt refinement .
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baselines on four popular LLMs and three real-world datasets.

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