Challenge: Existing approaches address key factors that influence multilingual ICL, but they do not integrate them into the model.
Approach: They propose a method that quantifies and optimally balances three factors for improved example selection.
Outcome: Experiments on mCSQA and TYDI show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods.

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Revisiting In-Context Learning with Long Context Language Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: In-Context Learning (ICL) is a technique by which language models make predictions based on examples provided in their input context.
Approach: They revisited previous studies using in-context learning techniques . they found that using a data augmentation approach, they significantly improved ICL performance .
Outcome: The proposed approach significantly improves ICL performance on 18 datasets spanning 4 tasks . the proposed approach does not improve performance over a simple random sample selection method .
Blessing of Multilinguality: A Systematic Analysis of Multilingual In-Context Learning (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: In-context learning (ICL) is a widely adopted technique for learning large language models . however, there is little systematic understanding of when and why it works well .
Approach: They analyze multilingual in-context learning using demonstrations in HRLs to enhance cross-lingual transfer.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms English-only models on high-resource languages . the study shows that the presence of irrelevant non-English sentences in the prompt yields measurable gains .
Towards a Common Understanding of Contributing Factors for Cross-Lingual Transfer in Multilingual Language Models: A Review (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Pre-trained Multilingual Language Models have shown a strong ability to transfer knowledge across languages.
Approach: They examine factors contributing to the ability of MLLMs to perform zero-shot cross-lingual transfer . they identify consensuses among studies with consistent findings and resolve conflicts .
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An Empirical Study of In-context Learning in LLMs for Machine Translation (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies focus on optimizing translation quality, with limited attention to understanding specific aspects of ICL that influence the said quality.
Approach: They conduct the first of its kind, exhaustive study of in-context learning for machine translation (MT) they establish that ICL is primarily example-driven and not instruction-driven .
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Pruning Multilingual Large Language Models for Multilingual Inference (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Multilingual large language models (MLLMs) demonstrate better zeroshot learning performance in non-English languages compared to large language model trained on English-dominant data.
Approach: They propose a pruning approach to prune large language models using bilingual sentence pairs from English and other languages to enhance their performance in non-English language.
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Seeing All Sides: Multi-Perspective In-Context Learning for Subjective NLP (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Modern language models excel at factual reasoning but struggle with value diversity, authors say . task-sensitive tasks such as hate speech expose this limitation . human disagreement captures the diversity of plausible human perspectives, authors argue .
Approach: They evaluate four large language models with human disagreements on five datasets . they find multi-perspective in-context learning outperforms standard prompting .
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms standard prompting on English labels while disaggregated soft predictions better align with human judgments in Arabic and Italian datasets.
A Survey on In-context Learning (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: In-context learning (ICL) is a new paradigm for natural language processing . large language models (LLMs) demonstrate the ability to learn from a few examples .
Approach: They propose to explore ICL to evaluate and extrapolate the ability of large language models.
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Why Multimodal In-Context Learning Lags Behind? Unveiling the Inner Mechanisms and Bottlenecks (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: In-context learning (ICL) enables models to adapt to new tasks via inference-time demonstrations.
Approach: They propose a simple inference-stage enhancement method that reinforces task mapping transfer.
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How does Multi-Task Training Affect Transformer In-Context Capabilities? Investigations with Function Classes (2024.naacl-short)

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Challenge: Multi-task learning (MTL) for generalist models is a promising direction that offers transfer learning potential.
Approach: They propose to combine multi-task learning (MTL) with in-context learning (ICL) to build models that can generalize to multiple tasks while being robust to out-of-distribution examples.
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Submodular-based In-context Example Selection for LLMs-based Machine Translation (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Prior studies have focused on the role of well-chosen examples in in-context learning .
Approach: They propose to use multiple translational factors for in-context example selection by using monotone submodular function maximization.
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