Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit bias toward underrepresented groups, despite advances in active learning.
Approach: They propose a clustering-based active learning framework enhanced with knowledge distillation that transforms the intermediate outputs of the learner model to yield more representative models without prior knowledge of underlying data distribution.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves performance across data subgroups and lexical diversity, underscoring the model’s resilience to skewness in available data.

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Evolving Knowledge Distillation with Large Language Models and Active Learning (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies have focused on the direct use of large language models for text generation and labeling, without fully exploring their potential to comprehend the target task and acquire valuable knowledge.
Approach: They propose to distill the knowledge of large language models into smaller models by generating annotated data.
Outcome: The proposed method improves the performance of small domain models while enhancing the ability of large language models.
Generation-Distillation for Efficient Natural Language Understanding in Low-Data Settings (D19-61)

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Challenge: Recent research points to knowledge distillation as a potential solution for NLU tasks.
Approach: They propose a training approach that distills large finetuned LMs into a small network using unlabeled training examples.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms BERT training approaches while using 300 times fewer parameters.
From Selection to Generation: A Survey of LLM-based Active Learning (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used for selection and training of data for active learning.
Approach: They propose an intuitive taxonomy that categorizes LLM-based active learning techniques and discuss the transformative roles they can play in the active learning loop.
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Multi-Sense Embeddings for Language Models and Knowledge Distillation (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Transformer-based large language models generate different representations for the same token depending on context . however, words and tokens typically have only a limited number of senses . a knowledge distillation method can be used to learn a smaller student model .
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Distilling Rule-based Knowledge into Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language models have broadened their applicability across diverse realworld scenarios.
Approach: They propose to encode rule-based knowledge into large language models by using strong in-context abilities to extract the knowledge from the textual rules and then explicitly encode it into the parameters of LLMs.
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Improving Diversity of Commonsense Generation by Large Language Models via In-Context Learning (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown proficiency in enhancing the generation quality across various tasks without the need for any fine-tuning.
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Teaching Small Language Models Reasoning through Counterfactual Distillation (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in a wide range of downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose a counterfactual distillation framework that leverages LLMs to generate high-quality counterfacts and utilizes multi-view CoT to enhance the diversity of reasoning samples.
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ELAD: Explanation-Guided Large Language Models Active Distillation (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are hindered by their memory inefficiency, computational demands, and the high costs of API inferences.
Approach: They propose an Explanation-Guided LLMs Active Distillation framework that employs an active learning strategy to optimize the balance between annotation costs and model performance.
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Natural Language Generation for Effective Knowledge Distillation (D19-61)

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Challenge: Knowledge distillation can transfer knowledge from deep language representation models to shallow word embedding-based neural networks.
Approach: They propose to build an unlabeled transfer dataset to enable effective knowledge transfer . they hypothesize that this principled, general approach outperforms rule-based techniques .
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Contextualization Distillation from Large Language Model for Knowledge Graph Completion (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing knowledge graph completion models lack textual information, which limits their performance . a plug-in-and-play approach is needed to train small models in descriptive context .
Approach: They propose a plug-in-and-play approach to knowledge graph completion that prompts LLMs to generate descriptive context.
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