Challenge: Text corpora in non-English clinical contexts is scarce due to privacy restrictions and restricted access to secure environments.
Approach: They propose to use Large Language Models to generate synthetic data using a German medical interview questions corpus.
Outcome: The proposed dataset generates comparable responses to human-generated questions.

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Algorithmic Fidelity of Large Language Models in Generating Synthetic German Public Opinions: A Case Study (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language models have generated significant interest in their potential for synthetic data generation across various domains.
Approach: They use open-ended survey data from the German Longitudinal Election Studies to prompt different LLMs to generate synthetic public opinions reflective of German subpopulations by incorporating demographic features into the persona prompts.
Outcome: The LLM performs better for supporters of left-leaning parties like The Greens and The Left compared to other parties, and matches the least with the right-party AfD.
SynthesizRR: Generating Diverse Datasets with Retrieval Augmentation (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Prior approaches to synthesis use few-shot prompting, which relies on the LLM’s parametric knowledge to generate usable examples.
Approach: They propose to use a dataset to generate examples of each label from the LLM.
Outcome: The proposed model significantly improves lexical and semantic diversity, similarity to human-written text, and distillation performance, when compared to 32-shot prompting and four prior approaches.
On LLMs-Driven Synthetic Data Generation, Curation, and Evaluation: A Survey (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) provide a data-centric solution to alleviate limitations of real-world data with synthetic data generation.
Approach: They propose a generic workflow for LLM-driven synthetic data generation.
Outcome: The proposed workflows highlight gaps in existing research and outline avenues for future studies.
Synthetic Data Generation with Large Language Models for Text Classification: Potential and Limitations (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have explored using large language models to generate synthetic datasets . however, the effectiveness of the LLM-generated synthetic data is inconsistent across different classification tasks.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to generate synthetic datasets to better understand factors that moderate the effectiveness of LLM-generated synthetic data.
Outcome: The results show that subjectivity is negatively associated with the performance of the model trained on synthetic data.
Evaluating Language Models as Synthetic Data Generators (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Prior studies have focused on developing effective data generation methods, but lack systematic comparison of different LMs as data generators in a unified setting.
Approach: They propose to use a benchmark to compare language models' data generation abilities against a set of standardized settings and metrics.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark provides standardized settings and metrics to evaluate LMs’ data generation abilities.
SynthTextEval: Synthetic Text Data Generation and Evaluation for High-Stakes Domains (2025.emnlp-demos)

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Challenge: SynthTextEval is a toolkit for conducting comprehensive evaluations of synthetic text.
Approach: They propose a toolkit for conducting comprehensive evaluations of synthetic text using large language models.
Outcome: The proposed toolkit can be run over any dataset, but it is aimed at two high-stakes domains: healthcare and law.
LUCID: LLM-Generated Utterances for Complex and Interesting Dialogues (2024.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing datasets with limited domain coverage and few challenging conversational phenomena are often unlabelled . Existing data is limited in quality and lacks a robust evaluation process .
Approach: They propose a high quality data generation system that generates high quality dialogues using 4,277 conversations across 100 intents.
Outcome: The proposed system produces high quality dialogue data with high quality labels.
Are LLMs reliable? An exploration of the reliability of large language models in clinical note generation (2025.acl-industry)

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Challenge: Clinical note generation (CNG) tools are being developed to address extended working hours and healthcare provider fatigue.
Approach: They evaluate the reliability of 12 open-weight and proprietary LLMs from Anthropic, Meta, Mistral, and OpenAI in CNG in terms of their ability to generate notes that are string equivalent (consistency rate), have the same meaning (semantic consistency) and are correct (symbol similarity)
Outcome: The results show that the LLMs generated notes that are string equivalent (consistency rate), have the same meaning (semantic consistency) and are correct (symbol similarity) overall, Meta’s Llama 70B was the most reliable, followed by Mistral’s Small model.
Exploiting Asymmetry for Synthetic Training Data Generation: SynthIE and the Case of Information Extraction (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have great potential for synthetic data generation.
Approach: They show that large language models can generate useful data even for complex tasks . they use a symmetric task difficulty asymmetry to prompt an LLM to generate plausible input text for a target output structure.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing models by a substantial margin on closed information extraction tasks with 1.8M data points and 770M parameters.
A Rigorous Evaluation of LLM Data Generation Strategies for Low-Resource Languages (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate synthetic textual data for training smaller specialized models.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of large language models and their generation strategies in 11 different languages using 3 NLP tasks and 4 open-source LLMs.
Outcome: The proposed generation strategies and their combinations yield strong results across 11 languages, including several extremely low-resource ones.

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