Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are a challenge due to their internal reasoning processes.
Approach: They propose an algorithm that can optimize attention matrices by performing attention mapping between small and large LLMs.
Outcome: The proposed framework can reduce KV cache usage by 22.1% and accelerate prefill by 15% without sacrificing performance.

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A Systematic Study of Cross-Layer KV Sharing for Efficient LLM Inference (2025.naacl-short)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that sharing key-value (KV) cache across layers is effective in efficient inference of large language models.
Approach: They propose a unified framework that covers several recent methods and their novel variants to investigate cross-layer KV sharing.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves higher throughput and better performance when reducing the size of the key-value cache by 2 while maintaining competitive performance.
Cross-layer Attention Sharing for Pre-trained Large Language Models (2026.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies focus on compressing the Key-Value cache or grouping attention heads, while overlooking redundancy between layers.
Approach: They propose a lightweight substitute for self-attention in well-trained LLMs that uses feed-forward networks to align attention heads between adjacent layers and low-rank matrices to approximate differences in layer-wise attention weights.
Outcome: The proposed model reduces redundancy by sharing weights across layers while maintaining high response quality while reducing redundant calculations within 53% 84% of the total layers.
Eigen Attention: Attention in Low-Rank Space for KV Cache Compression (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have been increasing context lengths to enhance their performance, but at long context length, the KV cache becomes the new bottleneck in memory usage during inference.
Approach: They propose an approach which performs the attention operation in a low-rank space and reduces the KV cache memory overhead.
Outcome: The proposed approach reduces the KV cache memory overhead and reduces memory usage with minimal drop in performance over OPT, MPT, and Llama model families.
HeteroCache: A Dynamic Retrieval Approach to Heterogeneous KV Cache Compression for Long-Context LLM Inference (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing static compression methods suffer from coarse-grained caching and high I/O overhead.
Approach: They propose a training-free dynamic compression framework that uses a sparse attention mechanism to categorize attention heads based on stability and similarity.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art performance on long-context benchmarks and accelerates decoding by up to 3 compared to the original model with a 224K context.
TokenSelect: Efficient Long-Context Inference and Length Extrapolation for LLMs via Dynamic Token-Level KV Cache Selection (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Rapid advances in Large Language Models have spurred demand for processing extended context sequences . however, performance degradation due to sequence lengths out-of-distribution and excessively long inference times are limiting LLMs in long-context scenarios.
Approach: They propose a training-free method for efficient and accurate long-context inference . they selectively involves a few critical KV cache tokens in attention calculation .
Outcome: The proposed method speeds up attention computation and accelerates inference time while reducing selection overhead.
HATA: Trainable and Hardware-Efficient Hash-Aware Top-k Attention for Scalable Large Model Inference (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing top-k attention methods struggle to strike a balance between efficiency and accuracy.
Approach: They propose a top-k attention approach that integrates low-overhead techniques into the Top-k Attention process to achieve 7.2 speedup compared to vanilla full attention.
Outcome: The proposed approach achieves 7.2 speedup compared to current top-k attention methods while maintaining model accuracy.
KVPR: Efficient LLM Inference with I/O-Aware KV Cache Partial Recomputation (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to inference large language models are limited by CPU capabilities and memory constraints.
Approach: They propose an efficient I/O-aware LLM inference method that overlaps GPU computation with KV cache transfer to minimize idle GPU time.
Outcome: The proposed method reduces the cost of auto-regressive decoding by 35.8% . it also achieves 46.2% higher throughput during decoding compared to state-of-the-art methods.
NACL: A General and Effective KV Cache Eviction Framework for LLM at Inference Time (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) with extended context windows are expensive and infeasible on fixed memory hardware due to the surprisingly large memory consumption of KV Cache.
Approach: They propose a general framework for long-context KV cache eviction that achieves more optimal and efficient evict in a single operation during the encoding phase.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves performance on short- and long-text tasks by 80% and 76% respectively, reducing KV Cache by up to 5 with over 95% performance maintenance.
SCA: Selective Compression Attention for Efficiently Extending the Context Window of Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods to compress the KV cache of large language models are expensive and limited in their context window and cost.
Approach: They propose a method to expand the context window and reduce memory footprint by compressing the KV cache of large language models.
Outcome: The proposed method can reduce memory footprint and expand context window of large language models without training.
Efficient Inference for Large Language Models –Algorithm, Model, and System (2025.emnlp-tutorials)

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Challenge: Inference of LLMs incurs high computational costs, memory access overhead, and memory usage, leading to inefficiencies in terms of latency, throughput, power consumption, and storage.
Approach: This tutorial introduces the basics of efficient inference for LLMs and explains how to diagnose efficiency bottlenecks for a given workload on specific hardware.
Outcome: The tutorial introduces the basic concepts of modern LLMs, software and hardware.

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