Challenge: Existing privacy protection methods for large language models suffer from performance degradation or large inference time overhead.
Approach: They propose a plug-and-play method to protect the privacy of user inputs during LLM inference . they use offline restoration vectors to train restoration vector for each privacy span type .
Outcome: The proposed method can prevent the linear growth of the privacy budget.

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SharedRequest: Privacy-Preserving Model-Agnostic Inference for Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing privacy-preserving inference methods sacrifice utility or efficiency, authors say . current approaches suffer a trilemma between privacy, utility, and efficiency, they say .
Approach: They propose a model-agnostic framework for privacy-preserving LLM inference that reformulates privacy protection at the batch level rather than the individual-prompt level.
Outcome: The proposed model-agnostic framework achieves 20% higher utility than previous models . it reduces query cost by up to 5 compared to non-batched inference .
Towards Privacy-Preserving Large Language Model: Text-free Inference Through Alignment and Adaptation (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing LLMs require users to submit raw text regardless of its sensitivity, resulting in substantial computational overhead and degrade model performance.
Approach: They propose a new training pipeline that allows a client-side encoder to condition on k-pooled prompt embeddings instead of raw text and a server-side projection module to fine-tune the projection module and LLM on private, domain-specific data using noise-injected embeddables.
Outcome: The proposed approach eliminates the need for transmitting raw prompt text while maintaining a favorable balance between privacy preservation and model utility for both clients and service providers.
LLMs are Privacy Erasable (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a new study examines the privacy of large language models and their capabilities . the study aims to address the balance between the convenience of LLMs and user privacy concerns .
Approach: They propose a strategy that safeguards user prompt while accessing LLM cloud services . they evaluate the efficacy of their method across prominent LLM benchmarks .
Outcome: The proposed method thwarts reconstruction attacks and improves model performance . it also surpasses the results reported in official model cards .
NAP2: A Benchmark for Naturalness and Privacy-Preserving Text Rewriting by Learning from Human (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a large number of large language models are being used to protect user privacy . sanitizing sensitive text using two common strategies is the answer .
Approach: They propose sanitizing sensitive text using deleting expressions and abstracting them . they propose a tool for text rewriting that uses crowdsourcing and large language models .
Outcome: The proposed approach protects privacy before sending sensitive data to large language models . it combines crowdsourcing and large language modeling to create a text rewrite tool .
Large Language Models Can Be Contextual Privacy Protection Learners (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable linguistic comprehension and generation capability, but when applied to specialized industries, they face challenges such as hallucination, insufficient domain knowledge, and failing to incorporate the latest domain knowledge.
Approach: They propose a paradigm for fine-tuning LLMs that effectively injects domain-specific knowledge while safeguarding inference-time data privacy.
Outcome: The proposed model protects private data while enhancing the model's knowledge.
Combating Security and Privacy Issues in the Era of Large Language Models (2024.naacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: a tutorial aims to provide a summary of risks and vulnerabilities in large language models . a number of studies have focused on security, privacy and copyright aspects of LLMs .
Approach: This tutorial seeks to provide a systematic summary of risks and vulnerabilities in large language models . authors will discuss security, privacy and copyright aspects of LLMs .
Outcome: This tutorial aims to provide a systematic summary of risks and vulnerabilities in large language models . it will also outline emerging challenges in security, privacy and reliability of LLMs .
Private Seeds, Public LLMs: Realistic and Privacy-Preserving Synthetic Data Generation (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are a powerful tool for creating synthetic replicas of private text.
Approach: They propose a method for creating privacy-preserving synthetic data using private seeds and a formal differential privacy mechanism.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves high fidelity to private data while providing strong privacy protection.
Robust Utility-Preserving Text Anonymization Based on Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing techniques face challenges of re-identification ability of large language models . anonymizing text that contains sensitive information is crucial for a wide range of applications .
Approach: They propose a framework that integrates three key LLM components to perform anonymization.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baselines while maintaining greater data utility in downstream tasks.
CoTrust: Privacy-Preserving Collaboration Between Large and Small Language Models in Trusted Execution Environments (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) provide powerful text generation capabilities, but accessing sensitive user inputs raises privacy concerns.
Approach: They propose a privacy-preserving collaborative inference framework that combines large language models with small language models inside TEE to preserve privacy.
Outcome: Experiments show that CoTrust outperforms unconstrained LLMs on multiple question answering and summarization benchmarks while maintaining strong privacy protection.
Controlling What You Share: Assessing Language Model Adherence to Privacy Preferences (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are accessed via commercial APIs, but expose data to service providers.
Approach: They propose a framework where a local model uses natural language instructions to rewrite queries and paired them with synthetic privacy profiles to achieve better privacy preservation.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms large-scale few-shot models in terms of privacy preservation and performance.

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