Challenge: Existing datasets for abusive language detection are expensive and lack of knowledge about the target is a challenge.
Approach: They propose to build models cheaply for a new target label set and/or language, using only a few training examples of the target domain.
Outcome: The proposed model improves monolingually and across languages using existing datasets and only a few-shots of the target domain.

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Cross-domain and Cross-lingual Abusive Language Detection: A Hybrid Approach with Deep Learning and a Multilingual Lexicon (P19-2)

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Challenge: Detecting online abusive language in social media messages is gaining increasing attention from scholars and stakeholders.
Approach: They propose a hybrid approach with deep learning and a multilingual lexicon to cross-domain and cross-lingual detection of abusive content.
Outcome: The proposed system can detect abusive content across domains and languages using a multilingual lexicon and a domain-independent lexical.
Revisiting Implicitly Abusive Language Detection: Evaluating LLMs in Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Settings (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Current research focuses on explicit abusive language, but subtler forms of IAL remain insufficiently studied.
Approach: They evaluate the models' capabilities in classifying sentences directly as either IAL or benign, and in extracting linguistic features associated with IAL.
Outcome: The proposed models outperform the best previously reported methods in classifying sentences directly as IAL or benign and extracting linguistic features associated with IAL.
Inducing a Lexicon of Abusive Words – a Feature-Based Approach (N18-1)

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Challenge: a new classification task is needed to identify abusive words among a set of negative polar expressions.
Approach: They propose to calibrate a domain-independent lexicon for detection of abusive words . they use a small manually annotated base lexico to calibrated a large lexical .
Outcome: The proposed feature can be calibrated on a small manually annotated base lexicon and produced on large datasets.
Don’t Augment, Rewrite? Assessing Abusive Language Detection with Synthetic Data (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing datasets for abusive language detection and content moderation are limited by regulatory bodies and social media platforms.
Approach: They propose to replace existing datasets in English with synthetic data by rewriting original texts with an instruction-based generative model.
Outcome: The proposed model improves performance in cross-dataset training.
Towards Cross-Lingual Audio Abuse Detection in Low-Resource Settings with Few-Shot Learning (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Online abusive content detection, particularly in low-resource settings, remains underexplored.
Approach: They propose to use pre-trained audio representations to detect abusive language in Indian languages using Few Shot Learning (FSL) .
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to classify abusive language in 10 languages using the ADIMA dataset with FSL.
XHate-999: Analyzing and Detecting Abusive Language Across Domains and Languages (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: XHate-999 is a multi-domain and multilingual evaluation data set for abusive language detection . we show that domain- and language-adaption can lead to substantially improved abusive language detecting in the target language .
Approach: They propose a multi-domain and multilingual evaluation data set for abusive language detection that allows for disentanglement of domain transfer and language transfer effects.
Outcome: The proposed model can significantly improve abusive language detection in the target language in the zero-shot transfer setups.
Reducing Gender Bias in Abusive Language Detection (D18-1)

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Challenge: Abusive language detection models tend to be biased toward identity words of a certain group of people . recent studies have raised concerns about the robustness of such systems .
Approach: They propose to use debiased word embeddings, gender swap data augmentation to reduce model bias . they also propose to fine-tune models with a larger corpus to correct such bias if needed .
Outcome: The proposed methods reduce model bias by 90-98% and can be extended to correct model bias in other scenarios.
No offence, Bert - I insult only humans! Multilingual sentence-level attack on toxicity detection networks (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a new sentence-level attack on toxic detection models is shown to work on seven languages . toxicity detection systems are used to silence the voices of criticism, causing echo chambers .
Approach: They propose a sentence-level attack that adds positive words to a hateful message . they show the attack works on seven languages from three different language families .
Outcome: The proposed attack is shown to work on seven languages from three different language families.
Vicinal Risk Minimization for Few-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer in Abusive Language Detection (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for few-shot cross-lingual transfer learning are limited in target languages due to the scarcity of resources.
Approach: They propose a method which interpolates pairs of instances based on the angle of their representations and propose augmentation methods to enhance few-shot cross-lingual abusive language detection.
Outcome: The proposed method improves few-shot cross-lingual abusive language detection in seven languages typologically distinct from English and three different domains.
Implicitly Abusive Language – What does it actually look like and why are we not getting there? (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing datasets make learning implicit abuse difficult, argues a new position paper . a lack of work on implicit abuse has limited the effectiveness of automatic detection .
Approach: They argue that existing datasets make learning implicit abuse difficult . they propose a divide-and-conquer strategy to detect implicit abuse .
Outcome: The proposed model could be improved to detect implicit abuse in a dataset with a standardized model.

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