Challenge: Existing datasets that are limited to a few dialects, ethnicities, and age groups are not annotated considering these factors.
Approach: They propose a semi-automated dataset creation pipeline that leverages large language models to perform two complex annotation tasks using human annotations as ground truths.
Outcome: The proposed pipeline reduces time required for the filtering and tagging tasks while losing no important information.

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Rapidly Developing High-quality Instruction Data and Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models with Minimal Human Effort: A Case Study on Japanese (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have aimed to refine their capacity to accurately follow human instructions and navigate intricate scenarios.
Approach: They propose a method that uses a set of instructions to translate English into Japanese and then generates Japanese instruction data using GPT-4.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms Japanese-Alpaca models in the evaluation benchmarks without human references.
GPT is Not an Annotator: The Necessity of Human Annotation in Fairness Benchmark Construction (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Current benchmarks for social biases have limitations in scope, grounding, quality and human effort required.
Approach: They propose to use a language model to help with the development of bias benchmarks . they extend previous work to a new community and set of biases: the Jewish community and antisemitism .
Outcome: The proposed LLM does not perform well on the Jewish community and antisemitism task.
Are We Modeling the Task or the Annotator? An Investigation of Annotator Bias in Natural Language Understanding Datasets (D19-1)

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Challenge: Having only a few workers generate the majority of dataset examples raises concerns about data diversity .
Approach: They perform a series of experiments to investigate annotator biases in recent NLU datasets . they find that models are able to recognize the most productive annotators .
Outcome: The results show that models can recognize the most productive annotators and do not generalize well to examples from annotator that did not contribute to the training set.
GPTs Are Multilingual Annotators for Sequence Generation Tasks (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing methods of data annotation are time-consuming and expensive . complexity of crowdsourcing increases when dealing with low-resource languages .
Approach: They propose an autonomous method to gather unlabeled data and label them using large language models.
Outcome: The proposed method is cost-efficient and applicable for low-resource language annotation.
Can LLMs Augment Low-Resource Reading Comprehension Datasets? Opportunities and Challenges (2024.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive zero-shot performance on a wide range of NLP tasks.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to augment extractive reading comprehension datasets by fine-tuning their annotations and comparing their performance to human annotators.
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to augment extractive reading comprehension datasets.
Artie Bias Corpus: An Open Dataset for Detecting Demographic Bias in Speech Applications (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: A speech technology exhibits demographic bias when performance is worse for one demographic group relative to another.
Approach: They create an English dataset of expert-validated audio, transcript> pairs with demographic tags for age, gender, accent and open software which may be used to detect demographic bias in Automatic Speech Recognition systems.
Outcome: The Artie Bias Corpus is a curated subset of the Mozilla Common Voice corpus, which is released under a Creative Commons CC0 license .
Corpus Considerations for Annotator Modeling and Scaling (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent trends in natural language processing and annotation tasks emphasize individual perspectives . annotator models that rely on a single ground truth may disregard valuable minority perspectives omissions .
Approach: They propose a composite embedding approach to investigate annotator modeling techniques . they show that the commonly used user token model consistently outperforms more complex models .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms more complex models on a given dataset.
Large Language Models for Data Annotation and Synthesis: A Survey (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing surveys focus on LLMs' specific utility for data annotation and synthesis.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to generate annotations from raw data . they also propose to review learning strategies for models utilizing LLM-generated annotations .
Outcome: The proposed models can be used to improve the efficacy of machine learning models by generating and labeling raw data with relevant information.
Biases in Large Language Model-Elicited Text: A Case Study in Natural Language Inference (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Creating NLP datasets with Large Language Models (LLMs) is an attractive alternative to relying on crowd-source workers.
Approach: They recreate a portion of the Stanford Natural Language Inference corpus using GPT-4, Llama-2 70b for Chat, and Mistral 7b Instruct.
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Information Extraction from Legal Wills: How Well Does GPT-4 Do? (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Using information extraction from legal wills is an important application of artificial intelligence (AI)
Approach: They propose a manually annotated dataset for Information Extraction (IE) from legal wills . they also use it to evaluate the performance of large language models (LLMs)
Outcome: The proposed dataset can be used to evaluate large language models on IE from legal wills . it shows that the model performs reasonably well, but inconsistent outputs and overgeneralization are observed .

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