Challenge: Existing methods of data annotation are time-consuming and expensive . complexity of crowdsourcing increases when dealing with low-resource languages .
Approach: They propose an autonomous method to gather unlabeled data and label them using large language models.
Outcome: The proposed method is cost-efficient and applicable for low-resource language annotation.

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Want To Reduce Labeling Cost? GPT-3 Can Help (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Data annotation is labor-intensive and time-consuming for many NLP tasks.
Approach: They propose to use GPT-3 to train models which are deployed for inference . they propose to combine pseudo labels from GPT3 with human labels .
Outcome: The proposed method can be generalizable to many practical applications.
Crowdsourcing Natural Language Data at Scale: A Hands-On Tutorial (2021.naacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: a tutorial on crowdsourcing for efficient data annotation will introduce crowdsourcing and provide an overview of the technology.
Approach: This tutorial will introduce users to efficient data annotation via crowdsourcing marketplaces.
Outcome: This tutorial will introduce users to the use of crowdsourcing for data annotation.
Large Language Models for Data Annotation and Synthesis: A Survey (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing surveys focus on LLMs' specific utility for data annotation and synthesis.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to generate annotations from raw data . they also propose to review learning strategies for models utilizing LLM-generated annotations .
Outcome: The proposed models can be used to improve the efficacy of machine learning models by generating and labeling raw data with relevant information.
Is GPT-3 a Good Data Annotator? (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Data annotation is the process of labeling data that could be used to train machine learning models.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of a large-scale language model developed by OpenAI . they compare it with traditional methods and analyze its output on a range of tasks .
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Crowdsourcing Beyond Annotation: Case Studies in Benchmark Data Collection (2021.emnlp-tutorials)

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Challenge: Developing a theory of crowdsourcing for practical language problems remains an open challenge .
Approach: This tutorial exposes NLP researchers to data collection crowdsourcing methods and principles through case studies.
Outcome: This tutorial exposes NLP researchers to various data collection crowdsourcing methods and practices through case studies.
Large Language Models as Financial Data Annotators: A Study on Effectiveness and Efficiency (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in data annotation tasks on general domain datasets, but their effectiveness on domain specific datasets remains under-explored.
Approach: They compare the annotations produced by three LLMs against expert annotators and crowdworkers.
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Are We Modeling the Task or the Annotator? An Investigation of Annotator Bias in Natural Language Understanding Datasets (D19-1)

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Challenge: Having only a few workers generate the majority of dataset examples raises concerns about data diversity .
Approach: They perform a series of experiments to investigate annotator biases in recent NLU datasets . they find that models are able to recognize the most productive annotators .
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Crowd-sourcing annotation of complex NLU tasks: A case study of argumentative content annotation (D19-59)

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Challenge: Recent advances in machine reading and listening comprehension involve the annotation of long texts.
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GPT3Mix: Leveraging Large-scale Language Models for Text Augmentation (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent studies report that prompt-based direct classification eliminates the need for fine-tuning but lacks data and inference scalability.
Approach: They propose a data augmentation technique that leverages large-scale language models to generate real text samples from a mixture of real samples.
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GPT-NER: Named Entity Recognition via Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Large-scale language models (LLMs) have shown impressive ability for in-context learning with limited training data.
Approach: They propose a novel sequence labeling task that transforms a sequence labeled as a text-generation task into a self-verification task that LLMs can adapt to.
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