Challenge: sarcasm detection remains an issue for both humans and natural language processing models .
Approach: They analysed 300 comments from the FigLang 2020 Reddit Dataset and 39 non-native speakers of English to see if they were sarcastic.
Outcome: The results show that the models and models have similar performance and weaknesses when the comments include political topics or are phrased as questions.

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BESSTIE: A Benchmark for Sentiment and Sarcasm Classification for Varieties of English (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: despite large language models showing bias against non-mainstream varieties, there are no labeled datasets for sentiment analysis of English.
Approach: They propose a benchmark for sentiment and sarcasm classification for three varieties of English . they manually annotate the datasets with sentiment and the sarcasmatic labels .
Outcome: The proposed benchmark is based on a web-based content from Google Place reviews and Reddit comments.
Sarcasm Detection is Way Too Easy! An Empirical Comparison of Human and Machine Sarcasm Detection (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: sarcasm detection datasets focus on intended, rather than perceived sarcasm, but there is no comparison between human and machine performance.
Approach: They collect author-annotated sarcasm datasets that focus on intended, rather than perceived sarcasticism . they compare human-level benchmarks to that of state-of-the-art sarkasmatic detection systems .
Outcome: The proposed datasets compare human and machine performance on sarcastic tasks in English and Arabic.
Representing Social Media Users for Sarcasm Detection (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing annotated corpus of Reddit comments is limited by available annotation methods.
Approach: They propose a Bayesian approach that directly represents authors’ propensities to be sarcastic and a dense embedding approach that can learn interactions between the author and the text.
Outcome: The proposed approach performs better in homogeneous contexts, whereas the dense embeddings prove valuable in more diverse contexts.
A Large Self-Annotated Corpus for Sarcasm (L18-1)

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Challenge: Existing datasets for sarcasm detection have unbalanced and self-annotated labels, allowing for learning in both balanced and unbalanciated label regimes.
Approach: They introduce the Self-Annotated Reddit Corpus (SARC) which has 1.3 million sarcastic statements and many times more instances of non-sarcasm statements.
Outcome: The proposed corpus has 1.3 million sarcastic statements and many more instances of non-sarcasm statements, allowing for learning in both balanced and unbalanced label regimes.
A Survey in Automatic Irony Processing: Linguistic, Cognitive, and Multi-X Perspectives (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: figurative language research has focused on sarcasm and irony, but there is still a gap in the field.
Approach: They propose to review computational irony, cognitive science, and neural models of irony processing . they aim to encourage a balanced and equal research environment in figurative languages .
Outcome: The proposed multi-X irony processing perspectives will provide an overview of computational irony, insights from linguisic theory and cognitive science, and interactions with downstream NLP tasks.
‘Am I the Bad One’? Predicting the Moral Judgement of the Crowd Using Pre–trained Language Models (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies on NLP touch upon moral contexts in text.
Approach: They construct a dataset that can be used for moral judgement tasks on a popular reddit subreddit.
Outcome: The proposed model passes moral judgements on posts from a popular reddit subreddit . it shows that the model can be fine tuned and improves across the datasets .
Ruddit: Norms of Offensiveness for English Reddit Comments (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods to detect offensive language have been limited by categorical labels . however, there are several challenges in the detection of such content .
Approach: They analyze Reddit comments with fine-grained, real-valued offensiveness scores . they evaluate the ability of widely-used neural models to predict offensiveness .
Outcome: The proposed method produces highly reliable offensiveness scores and can predict scores on reddit comments.
SarcNet: A Multilingual Multimodal Sarcasm Detection Dataset (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Sarcasm is an implicit form of sarcasm, involving an intended meaning that contradicts the literal expression . human use conflict between factual information and a statement as cues to detect sarcasm . sarkasmatic analysis is challenging due to its implicit nature .
Approach: They propose a multimodal sarcasm detection dataset that uses multiple modalities to detect sarcasm.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on previous models based on a single label . human sarcasm cannot be detected using a unified label across multiple modalities .
Perturbation Sensitivity Analysis to Detect Unintended Model Biases (D19-1)

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Challenge: Recent research shows that data-driven NLP models may inadvertently capture, reflect and sometimes amplify various social biases present in the language data they are trained on.
Approach: They propose a generic evaluation framework that detects unintended model biases related to named entities and requires no new annotations or corpora.
Outcome: The proposed framework detects unintended model biases related to named entities and requires no new annotations or corpora.
An Ensemble of Humour, Sarcasm, and Hate Speechfor Sentiment Classification in Online Reviews (D19-55)

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Challenge: sarcasm, humor, hate speech, and sentiment are a complex language attribute . sentiment classification models are used for complex language understanding tasks .
Approach: They propose a two-step model that extracts features pertaining to sarcasm, humour, hate speech, as well as sentiment from online reviews and feeds them to inform sentiment classification.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on sarcasm, humor, hate speech and sentiment classification . it can be combined with other models to achieve similar results .

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