Challenge: Existing methods for XMC struggle with the growing set of labels due to their static label assumptions, and embedding-based methods struggle with complex mapping relationships due to late interaction paradigm.
Approach: They propose a large language model (LLM) powered agent framework for extreme multi-label classification, XMC-Agent, which can effectively learn, manage and predict the extremely large and dynamically increasing set of labels.
Outcome: The proposed framework can learn, manage and predict the extremely large and dynamically growing set of labels and achieves state-of-the-art performance on three standard datasets.

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Challenge: Existing classification-based models are poorly per-form for tail labels and ignore semantic relations among labels.
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Prototypical Extreme Multi-label Classification with a Dynamic Margin Loss (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent work in XMC addresses this problem using deep encoders that project text descriptions to an embedding space suitable for recovering the closest labels.
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Enhancing Extreme Multi-Label Text Classification: Addressing Challenges in Model, Data, and Evaluation (2023.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to extreme multi-label text classification face inherent challenges in terms of model, data, and evaluation.
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Open Vocabulary Extreme Classification Using Generative Models (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Extreme multi-label classification (XMC) aims at tagging content with subset of labels from an extremely large label set.
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Extreme Zero-Shot Learning for Extreme Text Classification (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that MACLR achieves superior performance compared to other baseline methods.
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Large Language Model as a Teacher for Zero-shot Tagging at Extreme Scales (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Extreme Zero-shot XMC uses lightweight bi-encoders to identify pseudo labels . state-of-the-art methods rely on suboptimal labels for training .
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Investigating Active Learning Sampling Strategies for Extreme Multi Label Text Classification (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Large scale, multi-label text datasets with high numbers of different classes are expensive to annotate due to domain experts taking a lot of time working through all the classes.
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Ranking-Based Autoencoder for Extreme Multi-label Classification (N19-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods to solve label dependency and noisy labeling problems are limited . experimental results show the proposed method is competitive to state-of-the-art methods .
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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential in complex tasks such as multi-label classification, but the vast number of labels can exceed LLMs’ input limits.
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A Submodular Feature-Aware Framework for Label Subset Selection in Extreme Classification Problems (N19-1)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that extreme multi-label learning improves label prediction quality by 3% to 5% in three of the 5 tasks and is competitive in the others.
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