Challenge: Recent studies have shown that Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting can be effective on complex reasoning tasks but generates unfaithful and unfactual reasoning chains.
Approach: They propose a chain-of-knowledge prompting that elicits Large Language Models to generate explicit pieces of knowledge evidence in the form of structure triple.
Outcome: The proposed method improves commonsense, factual, symbolic, and arithmetic reasoning tasks by estimating the reliability of the reasoning chains in terms of factuality and faithfulness.

Similar Papers

Towards Understanding Chain-of-Thought Prompting: An Empirical Study of What Matters (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting can dramatically improve the multi-step reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs).
Approach: They propose to use Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting to encourage the LLM to generate intermediate rationales for solving a problem by providing a series of reasoning steps in the demonstrations.
Outcome: The proposed model can generate coherent lines of reasoning even with invalid demonstrations while still generating coherent lines during inference.
Iteratively Prompt Pre-trained Language Models for Chain of Thought (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models (PLMs) internalize a great amount of knowledge, but have been shown incapable of recalling this knowledge to solve complex & multi-step reasoning tasks.
Approach: They propose an iterative prompting framework which progressively elicits relevant knowledge from PLMs for multi-step inference.
Outcome: The proposed prompting framework outperforms existing prompting methods on three datasets involving multi-step reasoning.
CoF-CoT: Enhancing Large Language Models with Coarse-to-Fine Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Multi-domain NLU Tasks (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Chain-of-Thought prompting is popular in reasoning tasks, but its application to Large Language Models (LLMs) in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is under-explored.
Approach: They propose a Coarse-to-Fine Chain-of-Thought approach that breaks down NLU tasks into multiple reasoning steps where LLMs can learn to acquire essential concepts.
Outcome: The proposed approach is effective in assisting the LLMs adapt to multi-grained NLU tasks under zero-shot and few-shot multi-domain settings.
ChainLM: Empowering Large Language Models with Improved Chain-of-Thought Prompting (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing CoT synthesis approaches focus on simpler reasoning tasks and result in inconsistent CoT prompts.
Approach: They propose a framework for automatic generation of superior CoT prompts based on three major evolution strategies . they propose 'step-level debating' method where multiple debaters discuss each reasoning step to arrive at the correct answer.
Outcome: The proposed framework can generate superior CoT prompts from a CoT dataset.
Enhancing Chain-of-Thoughts Prompting with Iterative Bootstrapping in Large Language Models (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting is a technique to enhance the reasoning abilities of Large language models (LLMs) however, the reasoning chains of demonstrations are observed to be prone to errors, which can lead to incorrect reasoning during inference.
Approach: They propose an iterative bootstrapping technique to enhance the reasoning abilities of Large language models (LLMs) by generating a series of reasoning steps to obtain the answer, and using the reasoning chains as exemplars to demonstrate the task.
Outcome: The proposed method improves the performance of Large language models (LLMs) on three reasoning tasks on ten datasets.
Chain-of-Thought Prompting Obscures Hallucination Cues in Large Language Models: An Empirical Evaluation (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting can mitigate hallucinations by encouraging step-by-step reasoning, but its impact on halluciation detection remains underexplored.
Approach: They conduct an empirical evaluation of CoT prompting in Large Language Models (LLMs) to examine their impact on hallucination detection methods.
Outcome: The proposed method significantly affects the internal states and token probability distributions of the LLM.
Beyond Chain-of-Thought: A Survey of Chain-of-X Paradigms for LLMs (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive reasoning abilities when prompted with Chain-of-Thought (CoT).
Approach: They propose to categorize Chain-of-X methods by taxonomies of nodes, i.e., the X in CoX, and application tasks, and then categorise them by taxanomies and discuss potential future directions.
Outcome: The proposed methods are categorised by taxonomies of nodes, i.e., the X in CoX, and application tasks.
Verify-and-Edit: A Knowledge-Enhanced Chain-of-Thought Framework (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have a number of shortcomings, including lack of factual correctness.
Approach: They propose a framework to increase prediction factuality by post-editing reasoning chains . they propose to use large language models to generate interpretable reasoning chains.
Outcome: The proposed framework leads to accuracy improvements in open-domain question-answering tasks.
R3 Prompting: Review, Rephrase and Resolve for Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Large Language Models under Noisy Context (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing studies have evaluated LLMs under noise-free context but the dilemma for LLM to produce inaccurate results under noisy context has not been fully investigated.
Approach: They propose a new method for CoT reasoning using Chain-of-Thought prompting that interacts with LLMs to perform key sentence extraction, variable declaration and answer prediction.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing CoT prompting methods on five reasoning tasks under noisy context.
Semi-Structured Chain-of-Thought: Integrating Multiple Sources of Knowledge for Improved Language Model Reasoning (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing prompting methods rely on only one or two of these sources, or require repeatedly invoking large language models to generate similar or identical content.
Approach: They propose a semi-structured prompting approach that integrates parametric memory with unstructured knowledge from text documents and structured knowledge from knowledge graphs.
Outcome: The proposed prompting method surpasses existing prompting methods even exceeding those that require fine-tuning on open-domain multi-hop question answering datasets.

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