Challenge: Contemporary practices in instruction tuning often hinge on enlarging data scaling without a clear strategy for ensuring data quality.
Approach: They propose a method that leverages one-shot learning to discern and select high-quality instruction data from extensive datasets.
Outcome: Nuggets outperforms existing methods on MT-Bench and Alpaca-Eval benchmarks.

Similar Papers

Deep Exploration of Cross-Lingual Zero-Shot Generalization in Instruction Tuning (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have focused on instruction tuning to show cross-lingual generalization . a novel non-English meta-dataset is used to study instruction tuning .
Approach: They perform instruction tuning individually for two distinct language meta-datasets and assess the performance on unseen tasks in a non-English language.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baseline training in English and Korean by 20.7% and 13.6%.
Instruction Matters: A Simple yet Effective Task Selection for Optimized Instruction Tuning of Specific Tasks (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that instruction tuning improves zero-shot generalization across various tasks and improves performance of specific tasks.
Approach: They propose a task selection method that leverages instruction information alone to identify relevant tasks and optimize instruction tuning for specific tasks.
Outcome: The proposed method is significantly more efficient than traditional approaches, which require complex measurements of pairwise transferability between tasks or the creation of data samples for the target task.
Priority on High-Quality: Selecting Instruction Data via Consistency Verification of Noise Injection (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for instruction selection rely on external models or rules, overlooking the intrinsic association between pre-trained model and instruction data.
Approach: They propose a method that utilizes noise injection to identify the quality of instruction data without relying on external models.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms the model trained on the entire dataset and established baselines.
Demystifying Instruction Mixing for Fine-tuning Large Language Models (2024.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Instruction tuning is effective for aligning large language models with human instructions, but the procedure to optimizing the mixing of instruction datasets is still unclear.
Approach: They categorize instructions into three primary types: NLP downstream tasks, coding, and general chat.
Outcome: The proposed method improves performance of large language models (LLMs) but it is difficult to combine different instruction datasets to optimize overall performance.
Smaller Language Models are capable of selecting Instruction-Tuning Training Data for Larger Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Instruction tuning language models can be expensive and expensive to train . current methods require extensive training on large datasets, resulting in high training costs.
Approach: They propose a novel approach to selecting training data based on the learning percentage of the samples.
Outcome: The proposed model performs better on models ranging from 1B to 13B in size compared to training on the entire dataset.
Chasing Random: Instruction Selection Strategies Fail to Generalize (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Prior work has shown that language models can be tuned to follow user instructions using only a small set of high-quality instructions.
Approach: They analyze popular selection strategies across different datasets and benchmarks to find out whether they generalize poorly.
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform random baselines and cost-performance trade-offs on the full dataset and a random subset.
SFTMix: Elevating Language Model Instruction Tuning with Mixup Recipe (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Efforts to improve instruction tuning often focus on higher-quality supervised fine-tuning datasets, typically requiring data filtering with proprietary LLMs or human annotation.
Approach: They propose a Mixup-based recipe that elevates LLM instruction tuning without relying on well-curated datasets.
Outcome: The proposed model improves instruction-following and healthcare-specific tasks with consistent improvements across LLM families and SFT datasets.
Learning Instructions with Unlabeled Data for Zero-Shot Cross-Task Generalization (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that instruction tuning is effective in instruction learning for unseen tasks, but it relies on a large amount of human-annotated samples, which restricts its generalization.
Approach: They propose an instruction tuning technique which fine-tunes a pre-trained language model on a massive collection of tasks described via human-craft instructions and then tests its generalization ability on unseen tasks.
Outcome: The proposed method improves IT performance versus labeled data and training tasks by constructing pseudo-labeled data from unlabele . data is used to build a model that can learn from human instructions for zero-shot generalization on unseen tasks.
MultiInstruct: Improving Multi-Modal Zero-Shot Learning via Instruction Tuning (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Experimental results show zero-shot performance on unseen multimodal tasks . instruction tuning has yet to be explored for vision and multimodal task.
Approach: They propose a multimodal instruction tuning benchmark dataset that consists of 62 diverse multimodal tasks in a unified seq-to-seq format covering 10 broad categories.
Outcome: The proposed model performs well on unseen multimodal tasks and is highly scalable.
The Right Time Matters: Data Arrangement Affects Zero-Shot Generalization in Instruction Tuning (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing work on instruction tuning has focused on task level, without considering that tasks are artificially defined and, to LLMs, merely consist of tokens and representations.
Approach: They propose a training data arrangement framework that allows for continual learning and loss reduction.
Outcome: The proposed framework promotes continual learning and loss reduction on unseen tasks.

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