| Challenge: | Existing methods to build LLMs with stacking are limited by their information coverage and low fault tolerance. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that leverages large language models to iteratively generate new queries from an input query. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms baselines on open-domain question answering benchmarks. |
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Unleashing the Power of Large Language Models in Zero-shot Relation Extraction via Self-Prompting (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for zero-shot Relation Extraction (RE) lack detailed, context-specific prompts for understanding various sentences and relations. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that uses a three-stage diversity approach to prompt LLMs by generating multiple synthetic samples that encapsulate specific relations from scratch. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing LLM-based zero-shot RE methods on benchmark datasets and shows that it produces high-quality synthetic data that enhances performance. |
Retrieval-Augmented Retrieval: Large Language Models are Strong Zero-Shot Retriever (2024.findings-acl)
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Tao Shen, Guodong Long, Xiubo Geng, Chongyang Tao, Yibin Lei, Tianyi Zhou, Michael Blumenstein, Daxin Jiang
| Challenge: | Large-scale retrieval is indispensable in information-seeking tasks such as open-domain question answering and knowledgegrounded dialogue. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a large language model (LLM) to augment a query with its potential answers by prompting LLMs with a composition of the query and the query’s in-domain candidates. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method breaks brute-force combinations of retrievers with LLMs and lifts the performance of zero-shot retrieval to be very competitive on benchmark datasets. |
PromptReps: Prompting Large Language Models to Generate Dense and Sparse Representations for Zero-Shot Document Retrieval (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) excel in zero-shot document ranking tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a prompt-based re-ranking method that requires no further training but is only feasible for reranking a handful of candidates due to computational costs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can retrieve documents from the entire corpus without training and with a large amount of paired text data. |
Out-of-Context Reasoning in Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | a lightweight technique trains only new token embeddings on axioms and evaluates them on unseen tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a lightweight technique that trains only new token embeddings on axioms . they train only new embeddables and evaluate them on unseen tasks . |
| Outcome: | The proposed technique trains only new token embeddings on axioms and evaluates them on unseen tasks. |
INTERS: Unlocking the Power of Large Language Models in Search with Instruction Tuning (2024.acl-long)
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Yutao Zhu, Peitian Zhang, Chenghao Zhang, Yifei Chen, Binyu Xie, Zheng Liu, Ji-Rong Wen, Zhicheng Dou
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various natural language processing tasks, but their application to information retrieval tasks is still challenging due to the infrequent occurrence of many IR-specific concepts in natural language. |
| Approach: | They propose to use instruction tuning to enhance LLMs' proficiency in IR tasks by combining a dataset with manually written templates to analyze the effects of instruction design, template diversity, few-shot demonstrations, and the volume of instructions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be used to perform query understanding, document understanding, and query-document relationship understanding tasks. |
MILL: Mutual Verification with Large Language Models for Zero-Shot Query Expansion (2024.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for query expansion lack corpus-specific knowledge and cost. |
| Approach: | They propose a query-query-document generation method that leverages large language models for mutual verification to produce diverse sub-queries and corresponding documents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is fully zero-shot and extensive experiments on three public benchmark datasets demonstrate its effectiveness over existing methods. |
Large Language Models are Built-in Autoregressive Search Engines (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing dual-encoder dense retrievers obtain representations for questions and documents independently, allowing only shallow interactions between them. |
| Approach: | They propose to use large language models to generate URLs for document retrieval by following human instructions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves better retrieval performance than existing retrieval approaches on open-domain question answering benchmarks. |
CROSSAGENTIE: Cross-Type and Cross-Task Multi-Agent LLM Collaboration for Zero-Shot Information Extraction (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models struggle with producing structured output while maintaining accuracy in zero-shot information extraction (IE) |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-agent framework that enhances zero-shot IE through multi-task collaboration. |
| Outcome: | CROSSAGENTIE outperforms state-of-the-art models in structured prediction . the framework significantly reduces inference cost while preserving accuracy . |
How Can We Know What Language Models Know? (2020.tacl-1)
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| Challenge: | Recent work examines knowledge contained in language models by having the LM fill in the blanks of prompts such as “Obama is a __ by profession”. |
| Approach: | They propose mining-based and paraphrasing-based methods to automatically generate high-quality and diverse prompts, as well as ensemble methods to combine answers from different prompts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods improve accuracy from 31.1% to 39.6% on the LAMA benchmark for extracting relational knowledge from LMs. |
Context-Aware Assistant Selection for Improved Inference Acceleration with Large Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are prohibitive to use under resource constraints due to their high latency and high latex. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a contextual bandit to help choose a model based on a context to improve performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be used to improve performance on multiple domains even without prior knowledge of the model. |