Challenge: Standard methods for multi-label text classification rely on encoder-only pre-trained models . encoder decoder models have proven more effective in other classification tasks .
Approach: They compare four methods for multi-label classification based on encoder-only models . they use a pre-trained model for multilabel text classification .
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform encoder-only methods on complex datasets and labeling schemes.

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Challenge: Pretrained Transformer encoders are the dominant approach to sequence labeling . however, few have been applied to sequence labels on flat or simplified tasks .
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Practical Transformer-based Multilingual Text Classification (2021.naacl-industry)

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Challenge: XNLI does not reflect the data availability and task variety of industry applications.
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Hierarchical Label Generation for Text Classification (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: None Hierarchical text classification (HTC) aims to assign the most relevant labels with their structure for a given document.
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SGM: Sequence Generation Model for Multi-label Classification (C18-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods ignore the correlations between labels and different parts of the text can contribute differently for predicting different labels.
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Investigating Active Learning Sampling Strategies for Extreme Multi Label Text Classification (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Large scale, multi-label text datasets with high numbers of different classes are expensive to annotate due to domain experts taking a lot of time working through all the classes.
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Aggregating and Learning from Multiple Annotators (2021.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: NLP is based on high-quality annotated datasets, but many other tasks have unique characteristics not considered by standard models of annotation.
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Challenge: Pre-trained multilingual sentence encoders suffer from performance degradation for non-English languages.
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Label-semantics Aware Generative Approach for Domain-Agnostic Multilabel Classification (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to multi-label text classification are limited by textual data.
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More Embeddings, Better Sequence Labelers? (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing work suggests contextual embeddings improve sequence labeling accuracy . but, there is no definite conclusion on whether concatenating different kinds of embeddables is effective .
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Large Language Models Do Multi-Label Classification Differently (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Multi-label classification is prevalent in real-world settings, but the behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs) in this setting is understudied.
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