Challenge: Random masking does not consider the importance of the different words in the sentence meaning, e.g., entity-level masking requires expensive prior knowledge and generally does not use existing model weights.
Approach: They propose a token masking and learning method that uses a random masking strategy to learn the under-explored tokens.
Outcome: The proposed method improves linguistic knowledge learning and generalization on 10 tasks.

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Frustratingly Simple Pretraining Alternatives to Masked Language Modeling (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Masked language modeling (MLM) is widely used in natural language processing for self-supervised learning of text representations.
Approach: They propose to use token-level classification tasks as main pretraining objectives instead of Masked language modeling (MLM) . Empirical results show that pretraining a model with 41% of the BERT-BASE’s parameters, BERT MEDIUM results in only a 1% drop in GLUE scores with their best objective.
Outcome: Empirical results show that the proposed methods achieve comparable or better performance to MLM using a BERT-BASE architecture.
TaCL: Improving BERT Pre-training with Token-aware Contrastive Learning (2022.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing pre-trained MLMs produce an anisotropic distribution of token representations . this is not ideal for tasks that require discriminative semantic meanings of distinct tokens - a problem that exists in pre-training models .
Approach: They propose a continual pre-training approach that encourages BERT to learn an isotropic distribution of token representations.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves on a wide range of English and Chinese benchmarks.
Token-Level Self-Evolution Training for Sequence-to-Sequence Learning (2023.acl-short)

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Challenge: Adaptive training approaches do not consider the variation of learning difficulty in different training steps, making the learning deterministic and sub-optimal.
Approach: They propose a dynamic token-level self-evolution training method that reweighs the training losses of different target tokens based on priors.
Outcome: Empirically, the proposed method yields significant improvements on three translation tasks.
Masking as an Efficient Alternative to Finetuning for Pretrained Language Models (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Extensive evaluations of masking BERT, RoBERTa, and DistilBERT on eleven diverse NLP tasks show that our binary masked language models encode information necessary for solving downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose an efficient method of utilizing pretrained language models where selective binary masks are learned instead of finetuning.
Outcome: Extensive evaluations of masking BERT, RoBERTa, and DistilBERT on eleven diverse NLP tasks show that the proposed method yields comparable performance to finetuning, but has a much smaller memory footprint when multiple tasks need to be solved.
Improving Pretrained Cross-Lingual Language Models via Self-Labeled Word Alignment (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that denoising word alignment improves cross-lingual transferability . most applications and resources are still English-centric, making non-English users hard to access.
Approach: They propose to denoise word alignment as a cross-lingual pre-training task . they first self-label word alignments for parallel sentences and then mask tokens .
Outcome: The proposed model improves cross-lingual transferability on token-level tasks, especially on question answering, and structured prediction.
Efficient Pre-training of Masked Language Model via Concept-based Curriculum Masking (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Masked language modeling (MLM) has been widely used for pre-training effective bidirectional representations but comes at a substantial training cost.
Approach: They propose a concept-based curriculum masking method that evaluates the MLM difficulty of each token based on a carefully-designed linguistic difficulty criterion.
Outcome: The proposed method significantly improves pre-training efficiency with the original BERT model at half the training cost.
ERNIE-Gram: Pre-Training with Explicitly N-Gram Masked Language Modeling for Natural Language Understanding (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to model coarse-grained linguistic information do not integrate coarse-gram information into pre-training.
Approach: They propose an explicitly n-gram masking method to enhance integration of coarse-grained linguistic information into pre-training.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing models on English and Chinese text corpora and fine-tunes on 19 downstream tasks.
Self-supervised Graph Masking Pre-training for Graph-to-Text Generation (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs) have advanced Graph-to-Text generation by processing the linearised version of a graph.
Approach: They propose to mask pre-training tasks that neither require supervision signals nor adjust the architecture of the underlying pre-trained encoder-decoder model.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art results on WebNLG+2020 and EventNarrative datasets and is very efficient in the low-resource setting.
Improving Pretraining Techniques for Code-Switched NLP (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multilingual pretraining models for code-switched inputs are a key component of NLP applications.
Approach: They propose to use masked language modeling techniques to mask code-switched text that are cognizant of language boundaries prior to masking.
Outcome: The proposed techniques improve performance on two downstream tasks, Question Answering (QA) and Sentiment Analysis (SA), compared to standard pretraining techniques.
Mask More and Mask Later: Efficient Pre-training of Masked Language Models by Disentangling the [MASK] Token (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large-scale pre-trained MLMs can be used to generalize well to a wide range of tasks.
Approach: They propose to append [MASK]s at a later layer to reduce sequence length for earlier layers.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms RoBERTa for 6 out of 8 GLUE tasks on average by 0.4%.

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