Challenge: Several proposals have been put forward for improving out-of-distribution performance by mitigating dataset biases.
Approach: They propose a fine-tuning strategy that incorporates the similarity between the main and biased model attribution scores in a Product of Experts (PoE) loss function to further improve OOD performance.
Outcome: The proposed method improves OOD performance while maintaining in-distribution performance.

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Challenge: Existing work shows that Large Language Models (LLMs) are not robust to complex language understanding tasks due to reliance on spurious correlations of training datasets.
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End-to-End Self-Debiasing Framework for Robust NLU Training (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing models incorporate dataset biases leading to strong performance on in-distribution test sets but poor performance on out-of-distortion (OOD) tests.
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Mind the Trade-off: Debiasing NLU Models without Degrading the In-distribution Performance (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies show that pre-trained language models rely heavily on idiosyncratic biases of datasets.
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Improving Bias Mitigation through Bias Experts in Natural Language Understanding (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to mitigate the detrimental effect of bias on the network include debiasing methods that down-weight the biased examples identified by an auxiliary model, which is trained with explicit bias labels.
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Curriculum Debiasing: Toward Robust Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Against Dataset Biases (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) addresses the memory footprint issue of full fine- tuning by modifying only a subset of model parameters.
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Outlier-Aware Training for Improving Group Accuracy Disparities (2022.aacl-srw)

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Challenge: Methods addressing spurious correlations such as Just Train Twice involve reweighting a subset of the training set to maximize the worst-group accuracy.
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Improving the robustness of NLI models with minimax training (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that our method consistently outperforms other robustness enhancement techniques on out-of-distribution adversarial test sets, while maintaining high in-distance accuracy.
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Can Out-of-Distribution Evaluations Uncover Reliance on Prediction Shortcuts? A Case Study in Question Answering (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing work assesses models’ generalization capabilities through the lens of performance on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets.
Approach: They challenge this assumption by comparing OOD evaluations with failure modes documented in existing question-answering (QA) models.
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Enhancing Training Data Attribution for Large Language Models with Fitting Error Consideration (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are difficult to interpret due to their black-box nature and randomness.
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Out-of-Distribution Detection via LLM-Guided Outlier Generation for Text-attributed Graph (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Text-Attributed Graphs (TAGs) are widely used in the real world.
Approach: They propose to use Large Language Models to generate OOD-nodes with high quality . they also use LLMs to integrate existing nodes with LLM-generated edges .
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