From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns: Unveiling Coded Rhetoric with Language Models (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | This work sheds light on the theoretical and applied importance of dogwhistles in both NLP and computational social science. |
| Approach: | They propose a typology of dogwhistles, curate a glossary of over 300 dogwhitles and analyze their usage in historical U.S. politicians’ speeches. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model identifies dogwhistles and their meanings and shows that harmful content containing dogwhitles avoids toxicity detection. |
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Can LLMs Hear the Dogwhistle? (2026.findings-acl)
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Yifan Liu, Yi Lin, Xinwei Guo, Ziwei Wang, Jiaxin Zhang, Guanhua Chen, Haiyan Wu, Xiangyu Zhao, Xin Yao, Xuetao Wei
| Challenge: | Existing safety benchmarks focus on explicitly harmful content, but ignore context-dependent expressions such as dogwhistles. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark for evaluating LLM safety under dogwhistle-driven prompts . their findings expose a blind spot in current safety evaluation practices . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark compared safety performance with toxic terms using dogwhistle-driven prompts. |
Making FETCH! Happen: Finding Emergent Dog Whistles Through Common Habitats (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Dog whistles are coded expressions with dual meanings that slip by content moderation filters . a new study finds that state-of-the-art systems fail to identify novel dog whistles . |
| Approach: | They propose a task to find novel dog whistles in massive social media corpora . they use a strong baseline system that combines vector databases and Large Language Models to identify new dog whistle. |
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Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | a dog whistle is a coded communication that carries a secondary meaning to specific audiences and is often weaponized for racial and socioeconomic discrimination. |
| Approach: | They propose an approach for word-sense disambiguation of dog whistles from standard speech using Large Language Models. |
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Blow the Dog Whistle: A Chinese Dataset for Cant Understanding with Common Sense and World Knowledge (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Cant is important for understanding advertising, comedies and dogwhistle politics . currently, there are very few resources available for the research of cant . |
| Approach: | They propose a large and diverse dataset for creating and understanding cant from a computational linguistics perspective. |
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Counterspeech Generation using Small Language Models (2026.acl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Social media use is growing annually with about 68.5% of the global population active on these platforms as of July 2025. |
| Approach: | They evaluate SLMs ranging from 100 million to 3 billion parameters using simple prompting strategies as well as fine-tuning, combining automatic and robust human evaluations. |
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Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations (N18-5)
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| Challenge: | iii: 39 outstanding papers accepted for presentation at NAACL HLT 2018 in New Orleans, Louisiana . iv: 20 outstanding papers will be displayed during the conference . |
| Approach: | iii: 39 outstanding papers accepted for presentation at NAACL HLT 2018 in new orleans, la . iv: demonstrations session is an opportunity for researchers and developers to present their systems . |
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Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Internet Freedom: Censorship, Disinformation, and Propaganda (D19-50)
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| Challenge: | . - (EN) |
| Approach: | . - (EN) |
| Outcome: | . - (EN) |
Explain the Flag: Contextualizing Hate Speech Beyond Censorship (2026.findings-acl)
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Jason Liartis, Eirini Kaldeli, Lamprini Gyftokosta, Eleftherios Chelioudakis, Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis
| Challenge: | a hybrid approach to detect and explain hate speech combines large language models with vocabularies to detect hate speech in three languages . authors: the spread of hate speech online has serious personal, social, and legal consequences . eu has launched initiatives to analyze, regulate, and counteract online hate speech, authors say . |
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| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms baselines in English, French, and Greek . it uses large language models and vocabularies to detect and explain hate speech . human evaluation shows that the proposed approach is accurate and clear . |
Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 3: System Demonstrations) (2025.acl-demo)
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| Challenge: | ACL 2025 System Demonstration Track accepted 64 papers based on reviews . short-listed 7 papers for Best System Demo award . |
| Approach: | the ACL 2025 System Demonstration Track is a conference for papers describing system demonstrations . the track received a record 187 submissions, of which 178 papers were valid with required materials . |
| Outcome: | the ACL 2025 System Demonstration Track received 187 submissions . 178 papers were valid with required materials . |
Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts (N18-6)
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| Challenge: | NAACL-HLT tutorials are an opportunity for conference attendees to participate in a tutorial on a timely topic of importance to the field. |
| Approach: | NAACL-HLT 2018 is a tutorial session for conference attendees to participate in . a total of 51 tutorial submissions were received, of which 6 were selected for presentation . |
| Outcome: | the tutorials committee at the 2018 NAACL-HLT in New Orleans received 51 submissions . the six tutorials demonstrate the increasing relevance of NLP to a wide range of fields . |