Challenge: Recent studies have shown that dual encoder models trained with the sentence-level translation ranking task are effective methods for cross-lingual sentence embedding.
Approach: They propose a dual-alignment pre-training framework that incorporates both sentence-level and token-level alignment.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves cross-lingual sentence embedding on three cross-linguistic benchmarks.

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Aligning Cross-lingual Sentence Representations with Dual Momentum Contrast (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing work uses sentences within the same batch as negatives, which suffers from easy negatives.
Approach: They propose to align sentence representations from different languages into a unified embedding space . they adapt MoCo to further improve the quality of alignment .
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art on several tasks.
Improving In-context Learning of Multilingual Generative Language Models with Cross-lingual Alignment (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies show that multilingual generative models exhibit a strong language bias toward high-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual alignment framework exploiting pairs of translation sentences to improve cross-linguistic abilities.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves cross-lingual abilities and mitigates performance gap.
Cross-Align: Modeling Deep Cross-lingual Interactions for Word Alignment (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing word alignment models capture few interactions between input sentence pairs, which severely degrades the word alignment quality.
Approach: They propose to model deep interactions between input and target sentences using a two-stage training framework to train the model.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves the state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on four out of five language pairs.
DALR: Dual-level Alignment Learning for Multimodal Sentence Representation Learning (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing multimodal sentence representation learning methods focus on aligning images and text at a coarse level, resulting in cross-modal misalignment bias and intra-modal semantic divergence.
Approach: They propose a dual-level alignment learning framework for multimodal sentence representation learning that promotes cross-modal and intra-modal alignment.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods on semantic textual similarity and transfer tasks on semantic similarity, ranking distillation and global intra-modal alignment learning.
Improving Pretrained Cross-Lingual Language Models via Self-Labeled Word Alignment (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that denoising word alignment improves cross-lingual transferability . most applications and resources are still English-centric, making non-English users hard to access.
Approach: They propose to denoise word alignment as a cross-lingual pre-training task . they first self-label word alignments for parallel sentences and then mask tokens .
Outcome: The proposed model improves cross-lingual transferability on token-level tasks, especially on question answering, and structured prediction.
Lightweight Cross-Lingual Sentence Representation Learning (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing models for learning fixed-dimensional cross-lingual sentence representations are impractical due to memory limitations.
Approach: They propose a lightweight dual-transformer architecture with just 2 layers for generating memory-efficient cross-lingual sentence representations.
Outcome: The proposed model improves performance on training tasks and improves memory efficiency.
Understanding Cross-Lingual Alignment—A Survey (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual alignment is the meaningful similarity of representations across languages in multilingual language models.
Approach: They propose a taxonomy of methods to improve cross-lingual alignment . they argue that an effective trade-off between language-neutral and language-specific information is key .
Outcome: The proposed methods can be applied to encoder models and encoder-decoder-only models . they show that language-neutral and language-specific information is key .
Deep Generative Model for Joint Alignment and Word Representation (N18-1)

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Challenge: EmbedAlign model embeds words in their complete observed context and learns by marginalisation of latent lexical alignments.
Approach: They exploit translation as a distributional context and embed words as posterior probability densities, rather than point estimates, which allows them to compare words in context using a measure of overlap between distributions.
Outcome: The proposed model performs on a range of lexical semantics tasks and achieves competitive results on benchmarks including natural language inference, paraphrasing, and text similarity.
Multilingual BERT Post-Pretraining Alignment (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent work improves on the success of monolingual pretrained language models by adding cross-lingual tasks that always involve English.
Approach: They propose a method to align multilingual contextual embeddings as a post-pretraining step for improved cross-lingual transferability of pretrained language models.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms XLM-R_Base on translation-train tasks while using less parallel data and fewer parameters.
Are the Best Multilingual Document Embeddings simply Based on Sentence Embeddings? (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: obtaining document embeddings at document level is challenging due to computational requirements and lack of appropriate data.
Approach: They compare methods to produce document-level representations from sentences based on LASER, LaBSE, and Sentence BERT pre-trained multilingual models.
Outcome: The proposed methods produce document-level representations from sentences in 8 languages . the results show that a clever combination of sentence embeddings is usually better than encoding the full document as a single unit.

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