Challenge: There are no linguistic sources for the North Korean language, resulting in a lack of a Korean language model.
Approach: They present a large-scale dataset for the North Korean language and annotate a subset of this dataset for a sentiment analysis task.
Outcome: The proposed model performs better than other models for masked language modeling and sentiment analysis tasks.

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Challenge: Existing NLP systems cannot properly handle North Korean inputs, despite limited data . Several NLP researchers have been working on the Korean language .
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HUE: Pretrained Model and Dataset for Understanding Hanja Documents of Ancient Korea (2022.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Historical records in Korea before the 20th century were primarily written in Hanja, an extinct language based on Chinese characters.
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Beyond Distribution: Investigating Language Models’ Understanding of Sino-Korean Morphemes (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Transformer-based language models can learn compositional morphology of SK morphemes . morphological models trained on Hangul text can learn SK, but performance is based on frequency of words .
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Korean Language Modeling via Syntactic Guide (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing research on pre-trained language models focuses on widely-used languages . however, not every language can benefit from such models due to computational resources .
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Building Large-Scale English and Korean Datasets for Aspect-Level Sentiment Analysis in Automotive Domain (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing datasets in automotive domain cover only three languages due to high cost of human annotation.
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Diversifying language models for lesser-studied languages and language-usage contexts: A case of second language Korean (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing morpheme parsers/taggers do not work reliably and optimally for L2 data.
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Development and Evaluation of Pre-trained Language Models for Historical Danish and Norwegian Literary Texts (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: et al., 2019) develop and evaluate the first pre-trained language models specifically tailored for historical Danish and Norwegian texts.
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GPT-SW3: An Autoregressive Language Model for the Scandinavian Languages (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: a growing interest in building and applying large language models for languages other than English is fueling interest in developing LLMs for smaller languages.
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NaijaSenti: A Nigerian Twitter Sentiment Corpus for Multilingual Sentiment Analysis (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Sentiment analysis is one of the most widely studied applications in NLP, but most work focuses on languages with large amounts of data.
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Don’t Just Scratch the Surface: Enhancing Word Representations for Korean with Hanja (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing knowledge of Korean and Chinese is based on cultural and historical reasons.
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