Challenge: Using metaphors in media discourse is an increasingly researched topic . media are an important shaper of social reality and metaphors indicate how we think about issues through references to other things.
Approach: They propose a neural transfer learning method for detecting metaphorical sentences in Slovene . scheme can be used for future metaphor annotations of other socially relevant topics .
Outcome: The proposed method can be used for future metaphor annotations of other socially relevant topics.

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Applying Transfer Learning to German Metaphor Prediction (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for metaphor recognition are based on noun-verb pattern extraction or dictionary-informed.
Approach: They propose to use an English corpus annotated for metaphor as a Gold standard for two different metaphor prediction setups.
Outcome: The proposed method performs well on target-language data and achieves 90% F1 on target language data.
Metaphors in Online Religious Communication: A Detailed Dataset and Cross-Genre Metaphor Detection (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: figurative language plays a particularly important role in religious communication . linguistic metaphors relate entities from different semantic domains by drawing on an implicit similarity between them.
Approach: They present a dataset of fine-grained metaphor annotations for online religious communication . they show that cross-genre transfer metaphor detection leads to a drop in performance .
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Neural Metaphor Detection in Context (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing models focus on limited forms of linguistic context, such as unigrams.
Approach: They propose end-to-end neural models for detecting metaphorical word use in context . they show that bi-directional biLSTM models which operate on complete sentences work well .
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The Interplay between Metaphors and NLP (2026.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: This tutorial will provide an overview of the metaphor processing field.
Approach: This tutorial will provide an overview of the metaphor processing field . it will focus on recent directions opened by LLMs for metaphor interpretation .
Outcome: The tutorial will discuss the influence of various metaphor theories on the creation of annotated resources and models.
Recent advances in neural metaphor processing: A linguistic, cognitive and social perspective (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Metaphor processing systems have benefited from recent studies on the role of metaphor in communication and deep learning for natural language processing.
Approach: They present a review of automated metaphor processing and discuss their results from downstream NLP tasks.
Outcome: The proposed system is based on the findings of a systematic and comprehensive survey of metaphor processing systems published five years ago.
Annotation of metaphorical expressions in the Basic Corpus of Polish Metaphors (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: a corpus of Polish texts annotated with metaphorical expressions is composed of two parts of comparable size, selected from two subcorpora of the Polish National Corpus .
Approach: They propose to use a procedure to annotate metaphorical expressions in Polish texts using two different subcorpora of the Polish National Corpus . they propose several features to classify metaphorical Expressions identified in texts.
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A corpus of metaphors as register markers (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Using corpus annotation, we show huge differences in metaphor usage between different registers and specific properties of registers.
Approach: They present their work on corpus annotation for metaphor in germany . they focus on metaphors that can serve as register markers and be reliably indentified .
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MetaPro 2.0: Computational Metaphor Processing on the Effectiveness of Anomalous Language Modeling (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for metaphor interpretation are slow due to lack of annotated datasets and effective pre-trained language models.
Approach: They propose a large annotated dataset and a PLM for the metaphor interpretation task.
Outcome: The proposed method improves on metaphor identification and interpretation with comparable baselines on the new dataset.
Learning Outside the Box: Discourse-level Features Improve Metaphor Identification (N19-1)

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Challenge: Current approaches to metaphor identification use restricted linguistic contexts, e.g. by only considering a verb’s arguments or the sentence containing a phrase.
Approach: They propose to train simple gradient boosting classifiers on representations of an utterance and its surrounding discourse learned with a variety of document embedding methods.
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Metaphor annotation for German (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: a corpus annotated for metaphors denotes entities or situations that are in some sense similar to the literal referent, but we believe it is of interest to research on metaphor in general.
Approach: They present a German corpus annotated for metaphor in a project on register and propose to broaden the annotation to include metonymy.
Outcome: The proposed corpus is compiled and annotated in a project on the interdependence of metaphors and register.

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