Challenge: Abstractive summarization systems generate paraphrases, but they often contain information inconsistent with the source text.
Approach: They propose to generate factually inconsistent summaries using source texts and reference summary with key information masked to train a factual consistency classifier.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing models and shows a competitive correlation with human judgments.

Similar Papers

Questioning the Validity of Summarization Datasets and Improving Their Factual Consistency (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Abstractive summarization systems have a lack of a defined definition for the task . factual consistency is a key factor in summarizing, but there are still deficiencies . a new study shows that summarized summarisation models achieve improved performance .
Approach: They propose a filtered summarization dataset with improved factual consistency to address this problem . they argue that the dataset should become a valid benchmark for developing and evaluating summarizing systems .
Outcome: The proposed model improves on a popular summarization dataset with improved factual consistency.
Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Abstractive Text Summarization (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a weakly-supervised approach is needed to verify factual consistency . auxiliary span extraction tasks are useful for verifying factual consistent summaries .
Approach: They propose a weakly-supervised approach for verifying factual consistency . they transfer the model to summaries generated by several neural models .
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms models trained with strong supervision on source documents and human evaluations.
CLIFF: Contrastive Learning for Improving Faithfulness and Factuality in Abstractive Summarization (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for generating abstractive summarization are inconsistent and rely on heuristically created data for error handling.
Approach: They propose a contrastive learning formulation that leverages both positive and negative summaries to train summarization systems that are better at distinguishing between them.
Outcome: The proposed learning framework produces more factual summaries than strong comparisons with post error correction, entailment-based reranking, and unlikelihood training.
Falsesum: Generating Document-level NLI Examples for Recognizing Factual Inconsistency in Summarization (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Neural abstractive summarization models generate factually inconsistent summaries . previous work has introduced the task of recognizing factual inconsistency as a downstream application of natural language inference (NLI).
Approach: They propose a data generation pipeline that enables a task-oriented approach to detect factual inconsistencies in abstractive summarization models.
Outcome: The proposed model improves the state-of-the-art performance across four benchmarks for recognizing factual inconsistency in generated summaries.
Multilingual Summarization with Factual Consistency Evaluation (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Abstractive summarization models generate factually inconsistent summaries, reducing their utility for real-world applications.
Approach: They propose to use data filtering and controlled generation to detect hallucinations in machine generated summaries.
Outcome: The proposed models detect factual inconsistencies in machine generated summaries, but they focus on English only.
On the Intractability to Synthesize Factual Inconsistencies in Summarization (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for detecting factual inconsistencies in abstractive summarization are lacking in factual consistency detection.
Approach: They propose to use real model-generated summaries with human annotations to detect factual inconsistencies.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the SOTA on CoGenSumm, FactCC, Frank, and SummEval datasets.
Annotating and Modeling Fine-grained Factuality in Summarization (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent abstractive summarization systems produce factual errors that are not faithful to the input . current methods are lacking in identifying what errors are most important to target .
Approach: They use synthetic and human-labeled data to identify factual errors in summarization and train models on the factuality detection task.
Outcome: The proposed model detects factual errors on word, dependency, and sentence levels.
Optimising Factual Consistency in Summarisation via Preference Learning from Multiple Imperfect Metrics (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation metrics are unreliable for factual consistency tasks, limiting their effectiveness as signals for shaping model behaviour.
Approach: They propose an automated training pipeline that improves factual consistency in summaries by aggregating scores from different weak metrics.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves factual consistency in summaries by aggregating scores from weak metrics.
Entity-level Factual Consistency of Abstractive Text Summarization (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing models exhibit entity hallucination, generating names of entities that are not present in the source document.
Approach: They propose to use entity-level factual consistency to improve model quality . they propose to filter the training data to reduce entity hallucination problem .
Outcome: The proposed model can reduce the entity hallucination problem by filtering the training data.
Enhancing Factual Consistency in Text Summarization via Counterfactual Debiasing (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Abstractive text summarization has produced fluent and informative outputs, but factual inconsistency is a challenge.
Approach: They propose a framework that mitigates the causal effects of language bias and irrelevancy bias by counterfactual estimation.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baseline methods on two widely used summarization datasets.

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