Challenge: Existing active learning methods for fine-tuning language models are underperforming in low-resource, interactive labeling setting.
Approach: They propose a novel active learning method that employs a hybrid sampling strategy to minimize labeling cost and acquisition latency while providing a framework for adapting to dataset diversity.
Outcome: The proposed method reduces labeling cost and acquisition latency while providing a framework for adapting to dataset diversity via user guidance.

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Parameter-Efficient Language Model Tuning with Active Learning in Low-Resource Settings (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have ignited a surge in demand for effective fine-tuning techniques . data labeling is notoriously time-consuming and expensive, hindering the development of sizable labeled datasets .
Approach: They propose to use active learning to reduce labeling costs by minimizing label complexity . they find PEFT adapter modules have significant potential in low-resource settings .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms FFT in low-resource settings and shows that it yields more stable representations of early and middle layers than FFT.
On the Importance of Effectively Adapting Pretrained Language Models for Active Learning (2022.acl-short)

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Challenge: Recent active learning approaches in NLP use off-the-shelf pretrained language models (LMs) . a poor training strategy can be catastrophic for AL, authors argue .
Approach: They propose to first adapt the pretrained LM to the target task and then use it for AL.
Outcome: The proposed approach provides substantial data efficiency improvements compared to the standard fine-tuning approach.
Fine-tuning BERT for Low-Resource Natural Language Understanding via Active Learning (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Recent work has explored the suitability of pre-trained language models in low resource settings with less than 1,000 training data points.
Approach: They propose to use pool-based active learning to speed up training while keeping the cost of labeling new data constant.
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Rethinking Full Finetuning from Pretraining Checkpoints in Active Learning for African Languages (2025.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to improve model performance are finetuning on all acquired data after each round, which is computationally expensive in multilingual and low-resource settings.
Approach: They evaluate continual finetuning (CF) against full finetuned (FA) across 28 African languages using MasakhaNEWS and SIB-200.
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From Selection to Generation: A Survey of LLM-based Active Learning (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used for selection and training of data for active learning.
Approach: They propose an intuitive taxonomy that categorizes LLM-based active learning techniques and discuss the transformative roles they can play in the active learning loop.
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Noise-Robust Fine-Tuning of Pretrained Language Models via External Guidance (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) are advanced but data labels are noisy due to the complex annotation process.
Approach: They propose a framework for fine-tuning PLMs using noisy labels that incorporates guidance from Large Language Models like ChatGPT.
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A Little Annotation does a Lot of Good: A Study in Bootstrapping Low-resource Named Entity Recognizers (D19-1)

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Challenge: Named entity recognition models rely on large amounts of labeled data, making them challenging to extend to new, lower-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a method for bootstrapping named entity recognition models in under-resourced languages . they use cross-lingual transfer learning and targeted annotation of only uncertain entities .
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Semi-supervised Fine-tuning for Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing LLMs require labeled data, which can be costly in real-world applications.
Approach: They propose a framework that can fully exploit labeled and unlabeled data for LLM fine-tuning . they conducted experiments using GPT-4o-mini and Llama-3.1 on seven general or domain-specific datasets .
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Cold-start Active Learning through Self-supervised Language Modeling (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Labeling data is a fundamental bottleneck in machine learning due to annotation cost and time.
Approach: They propose a strategy that uses the pre-training loss to find examples that surprise the model and minimize labeling costs.
Outcome: The proposed approach reduces labeling costs and costs by using pre-trained language models.
AcTune: Uncertainty-Based Active Self-Training for Active Fine-Tuning of Pretrained Language Models (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for fine-tuning pre-trained language models ignore the potential of unlabeled data.
Approach: They propose a framework that allows users to unleash the power of unlabeled data via self-training.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms active learning and self-training baselines and improves the label efficiency of PLM fine-tuning by 56.2% on average.

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