Challenge: Recent studies show that the attention heads in Transformer are not equal.
Approach: They propose a masking method to mask attention heads in Transformer . they empirically validate the inequality and propose 'head mask' method to avoid bottleneck .
Outcome: The proposed masking method improves translation performance on multiple languages . it can be used to remove a small subset of heads without affecting performance .

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Mixed Multi-Head Self-Attention for Neural Machine Translation (D19-56)

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Challenge: Recent advances in neural machine translation have been made in the field of multi-head self-attention and there is no explicit mechanism to ensure that different attention heads capture different features.
Approach: They propose a novel multi-head self-attention model which models not only global and local attention but also forward and backward attention in different attention heads.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on WAT17 English-Japanese and IWSLT14 German-English translation tasks without increasing the number of parameters.
Do Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Models Contain Language Pair Specific Attention Heads? (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies on multilingual representations focus on whether there is an emergence of language-independent representations or whether multilingual models partition their weights among different languages.
Approach: They analyze encoder self-attention and encoder-decoder attention heads in a multilingual neural translation model.
Outcome: The proposed model is based on a multilingual neural translation model with a language-independent representation.
Hard-Coded Gaussian Attention for Neural Machine Translation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Recent work has questioned the importance of multi-headed attention in achieving high translation quality.
Approach: They develop a “hard-coded” attention variant without any learned parameters.
Outcome: The proposed model reduces BLEU scores by adding a single learned cross attention head to an otherwise hard-coded Transformer.
Syntax-Based Attention Masking for Neural Machine Translation (2021.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to extend transformers to source-side trees are linearized into sequences, but they are limited by positional encodings.
Approach: They propose a method for extending transformers to source-side trees by using masks based on tree positions . they define a number of masks that limit self-attention based upon relationships among tree nodes .
Outcome: The proposed method improves on translations from English to germany and English to english and germany by +2.1 BLEU.
Fixed Encoder Self-Attention Patterns in Transformer-Based Machine Translation (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that attention heads learn simple positional patterns .
Approach: They propose to replace all but one attention head of each encoder layer with simple fixed – non-learnable – attentive patterns that are solely based on position and do not require external knowledge.
Outcome: The proposed model improves translation quality and improves BLEU scores by up to 3 points in low-resource scenarios.
Attention over Heads: A Multi-Hop Attention for Neural Machine Translation (P19-2)

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Challenge: Existing multihop attentions for machine comprehension are recurrent and hierarchical . a proposed multi-hop attention for the Transformer refines the attention for an output symbol many times .
Approach: They propose a multi-hop attention for the Transformer which integrates attentions from each head.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the baseline Transformer in terms of translation accuracy and speed.
Attention Calibration for Transformer in Neural Machine Translation (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Attention mechanisms have been ubiquitous in neural machine translation (NMT) however, many studies doubt whether highlyattended inputs have a large impact on the model outputs.
Approach: They propose to introduce a mask perturbation model that automatically evaluates each input’s contribution to the model outputs.
Outcome: The proposed model is more uniform at lower layers while more concentrated on the specific inputs at higher layers.
Shapley Head Pruning: Identifying and Removing Interference in Multilingual Transformers (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual transformer-based models demonstrate remarkable zero and few-shot transfer across languages by learning and reusing language-agnostic features.
Approach: They propose to prune attention heads from a fixed model to reduce interference as a model acquires more languages.
Outcome: The proposed model can reduce interference by pruning language-specific attention heads.
Analyzing Multi-Head Self-Attention: Specialized Heads Do the Heavy Lifting, the Rest Can Be Pruned (P19-1)

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Challenge: et al., 2017) show that multi-head attention is important for neural machine translation.
Approach: They evaluate the contribution made by individual attention heads to the overall performance of the Transformer model and analyze the roles played by them in the encoder.
Outcome: The proposed pruning method removes the vast majority of heads without affecting performance.
Contributions of Transformer Attention Heads in Multi- and Cross-lingual Tasks (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Prior research has found that only a few attention heads are important in each mono-lingual NLP task and pruning the remaining heads leads to comparable or improved performance of the model.
Approach: They examine the relative importance of attention heads in Transformer-based models to aid their interpretability in cross-lingual and multi-lingual tasks.
Outcome: The proposed model performs better with the remaining heads pruned than with the other models, the authors show .

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