Challenge: a system for temporal order in Japanese has not been developed for linguistic inference involving temporal expressions.
Approach: They propose a Japanese NLI system that considers temporal order in Japanese . they use axioms for temporal relations and automated theorem provers to perform inference involving temporal orders.
Outcome: The proposed system outperforms logic-based systems and current deep learning models on Japanese datasets.

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Challenge: We use five new natural language inference (NLI) datasets focused on temporal reasoning.
Approach: They introduce five new natural language inference datasets focused on temporal reasoning.
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Jamp: Controlled Japanese Temporal Inference Dataset for Evaluating Generalization Capacity of Language Models (2023.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing datasets and analyses focusing on English do not address the need for resources in other languages.
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Compositional Evaluation on Japanese Textual Entailment and Similarity (2022.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Despite growing interest in linguistic universals, most NLI/STS studies focus on English.
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Benchmarking Temporal Reasoning and Alignment Across Chinese Dynasties (2026.eacl-short)

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Challenge: Existing temporal reasoning benchmarks rely on rule-based construction and lack contextual depth . a recent study found existing LLMs struggle with nuanced temporal understanding .
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Language Models as an Alternative Evaluator of Word Order Hypotheses: A Case Study in Japanese (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: a method using neural language models (LMs) for analyzing the word order of language is currently lacking.
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Challenge: Existing studies have focused on diagnosing LMs' reasoning abilities in natural language understanding tasks.
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MorphNLI: A Stepwise Approach to Natural Language Inference Using Text Morphing (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing models fail to capture important semantic features of logic such as monotonicity and negation.
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Development of a General-Purpose Categorial Grammar Treebank (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: 'general-purpose' categorial grammar treebank is not tailored to specific variants of CG, but rather offers a theory-neutral linguistic resource that can be converted to different versions of 'type-logical grammar' .
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NL2TL: Transforming Natural Languages to Temporal Logics using Large Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Temporal Logic (TL) can be used to specify complex high-level specifications for systems in many engineering domains.
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Towards Explainable Temporal Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Structure-Aware Generative Framework (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing studies on temporal reasoning models neglect the explainable reasoning processes underlying the results.
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